经济数字化转型是大势所趋。中小企业是实体经济的重要组成部分，也是产业数字化转型的重点和难点。党的二十大报告提出，要“支持中小微企业发展”“促进数字经济和实体经济深度融合”。本期邀请专家围绕中小企业数字化转型相关问题进行研讨。数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
主持人：本报理论部主任、研究员 徐向梅
一、上好中小企业数字化转型必修课
主持人：推进中小企业数字化转型有何意义和价值，中小企业数字化转型主要涉及哪些方面？数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
贺俊（中国社会科学院中小企业研究中心主任、工业经济研究所研究员）：中小企业数字化转型是数字中国和网络强国建设的重要内容，是我国经济社会数字化转型的难点，是国家数字战略和政策聚焦、攻坚的重点领域。中小企业数字化转型，不仅可以增强国民经济增长动能，而且可以创造大量高质量就业岗位，更重要的是，可以激活广大中小企业的经济效率和创新活力，提升我国产业链、创新链竞争力。避免大企业和中小企业数字化能力二元分化，实现大中小企业数字化协同转型，是网络强国建设的内在要求，体现了数字中国包容性水平。
数字化转型不仅需要承担初期高昂的软件和设备支出，而且涉及复杂的业务流程再造和管理模式变革，需要中小企业克服固有资源约束和能力障碍，因而中小企业数字化转型“雷声大、雨点小”几乎是全球数字经济发展的共同难题。应当更加充分发挥我国社会主义制度优势和有为政府作用，针对中小企业数字化转型的痛点、堵点和急点，提供有力、有效的战略引导和政策支持，多层次、全方位推动中小企业数字化转型。数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
中小企业数字化转型首先是中小企业自身的数字化，是包括管理数字化、业务数字化和商业模式数字化多维度协同转型的系统工程，是一个由浅入深的复杂迭代过程。转型第一步的成效直接决定了中小企业持续推进数字化转型的信心、能力和动力，对整个转型过程至关重要。在转型低阶阶段，可通过导入财务流程自动化、协同办公平台、标准化人力资源管理软件、既有信息化业务上云等投入少、门槛低的管理数字化业务，完成初步数字化改造，兑现数字化初期收益。待企业形成必要的数字化能力后，再逐步推进计算机辅助设计、众包设计和协同研发、云化制造执行系统、高级计划与排程、基于工业互联网平台的各环节数据综合集成、可视化与智能分析等高阶业务数字化和商业模式数字化转型，形成能力积累、业务转型和效益兑现的良性循环。需要强调的是，我国中小企业普遍具有“重硬件、轻软件，重产品、轻服务”的观念，而数字化转型的核心正是软件化和服务化，因而推动中小企业数字化转型需要同步推动中小企业家认知模式的转型。
其次，中小企业数字化转型多是外因驱动和被赋能型的，因而转型不仅是企业内部价值链的数字化，也是企业所嵌入的整个生态的数字化。这就要求无论是传统供应链上的大型企业还是新型数字平台企业、数字化方案提供商，都能够面向中小企业差异化需求，针对运营管理中的痛点和短板，提供低成本、高赋能的工具和方案，使中小企业生产运营、库存管理、市场营销通过实时数据交换与智能分析，实现与供应链链主企业的协同优化，并能够基于标准化平台界面和多样化开发工具实现与平台企业的同步演进，形成中小企业和整个数字生态共生发展的局面。此外，大学、制造业创新中心、国家实验室等提供基础研究、共性技术和前沿技术的公共研发机构也应主动承担起支持和推动广大中小企业实现数字化转型的责任，针对中小企业数字化转型特殊需求，研发先进且适用的专用性数字技术和方案。数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
最后，中小企业内部数字化转型和外部生态数字化转型都需要数字基础设施的支撑和同步升级。由于中小企业具有需求多样性和支付能力低的特点，高速移动网络和固定网络、云计算、大数据等数字基础设施提供商缺乏足够市场动力为中小企业提供价格低廉且差异化的服务，可能造成中小企业与大企业在数字基础设施方面的“数字鸿沟”。鉴于此，推动中小企业数字化转型还应实现千兆光网、5.5G等新型信息基础设施对中小企业的广泛覆盖。应充分发挥我国信息基础设施适度超前部署的战略优势，推动数字基础设施与中小企业特定应用融合发展，例如大力发展相对滞后的基于云原生架构的SaaS（软件即服务）开发，为纺织、餐饮、零售、机械电子零部件等领域的中小企业提供云上软件开发、办公、交付、运营、客户关系管理等服务。这既可以提升云服务供给数量和质量，也可以同步驱动中小企业用户的数字化转型，有助于实现数字基础设施部署和中小企业数字化转型的融合发展和双重引领。数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
二、政策支持+创新驱动显成效
主持人：我国中小企业数字化转型具备哪些有利条件，转型情况如何？
张宇（中国工业互联网研究院政策研究所副所长）：随着新一代信息技术与各行业深度融合，涌现出一批新模式新业态，重构了中小企业在产业链供应链中的竞争态势，助力中小企业在市场竞争中获得更大主动权。数字化转型既是助企纾困之举，也是提升企业竞争力的关键举措，新形势下，中小企业数字化转型不再是“选择题”，而是“必修课”。我国中小企业数字化转型具备以下有利条件。
一是政策支持不断加强。近年来，围绕提升中小企业数字化水平，相关政策密集出台。2019年，中共中央办公厅、国务院办公厅印发《关于促进中小企业健康发展的指导意见》，指出要推进发展“互联网+中小企业”。2020年，工业和信息化部办公厅印发《中小企业数字化赋能专项行动方案》，提出13项重点任务和4项保障措施。2021年，工信部等19个部门印发《“十四五”促进中小企业发展规划》，加强了中小企业数字化有关工作的顶层设计。2022年，工信部、财政部联合印发通知，部署开展财政支持中小企业数字化转型试点工作。数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
二是路径引导更加科学。2022年工信部发布《中小企业数字化水平评测指标》，作为“专精特新”企业认定标准评价指标“数字化水平”的评价依据，为企业开展自我诊断、找准问题提供了工具参考。《中小企业数字化转型指南》为企业找准转型方向、明确转型路径，提供了具有针对性、可操作性的指导。
三是服务支撑更加完善。强化供需对接，向社会征集遴选面向“专精特新”企业的数字化产品，为中小企业数字化转型提供更优质服务。聚焦中小企业转型难点，强化技术、经验、渠道、资本赋能，引导帮助更多中小企业克服“不愿转、不敢转、不会转、不能转”难题，加快数字化转型进程。
四是创新水平显著提升。从研发投入看，2021年专精特新“小巨人”企业平均研发费用达2500万元，研发强度约为8.9%。根据中国工业互联网研究院数据，近三年中小企业不断加大数字化相关投入，年度数字化投入50万元以上的中小企业占比由37%提升至53%。从创新能力看，专精特新“小巨人”企业共持有14万余项发明专利；“小巨人”企业共建设10000多个国家级或省级研发机构，其中企业技术中心占比近半；九成以上的专精特新“小巨人”企业与高等院校、科研院所联合建立研发机构。数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
近年来，我国中小企业数字化转型取得积极成效。2021年，中国工业互联网研究院通过对山东、江苏、湖南、广东和重庆等地684家中小企业调研发现，样本企业中约51.46%的企业处于数字化转型践行实施阶段，已实现部分环节数字化改造，推动设备和工具数字化升级，对数据进行采集、分析和可视化；9.21%中小企业处于深度应用阶段，已基本实现新一代信息技术与生产经营充分融合。
专精特新“小巨人”企业和制造业单项冠军企业是数字化转型领军梯队。国家级专精特新“小巨人”企业数字化转型较为深入，近20%处于深度应用阶段。制造业单项冠军数字化转型整体水平较高，其中处于深度应用阶段的国家级制造业单项冠军企业占比22%。数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
数字化转型推动中小企业能力提升。从企业内部看，数据要素采集、汇聚、处理、分析和价值创造作用逐步凸显，中小企业数据管理能力得到提升；数据贯通和业务协同等共同推动企业组织形态发生变革，大数据和人工智能等信息技术提升企业智能决策能力，企业管理能力得到整体提升；通过设备互联互通，实现运行状态监测和预测性维护等，提升企业设备管理能力；基于销售数据反向驱动研发，实现柔性排产，高效资源对接，提升市场响应能力。从企业外部看，数字化转型有效提升了中小企业专业化能力、需求对接能力和协作配套能力，较好促进了制造业生态资源对接和产业链供应链分工；大企业基于工业互联网平台输出自身服务能力，逐渐进入赋能中小企业阶段，企业协作能力提升，大中小企业融通发展生态逐步完善；数字化转型有效推动供应链金融等新模式新业态，拓宽中小企业融资渠道，提升中小企业融资能力。
同时也要看到，中小企业数字化转型整体基础相对薄弱。从数字化指标看，企业数字化装备占比、设备联网率、信息系统覆盖率均有较大提升空间。
三、一些国家经验可资借鉴数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
主持人：各国在中小企业数字化转型方面有哪些可借鉴经验？
李勇坚（中国社会科学院大学应用经济学院教授）：数字化转型将是未来企业、产业和经济转型升级的重要动力。在全球范围内，中小企业占企业数量的90%以上，是吸纳就业、提高生产力的重要源泉。因此，全球主要国家均高度重视中小企业数字化转型，将其作为数字化转型与推动增长的重要方向。
将中小企业数字化转型作为国家发展战略的重要组成部分，强化顶层设计。据统计，经济合作与发展组织（OECD）国家中有34个已制定国家数字战略，其中都明确包括“中小企业数字化”内容。欧盟委员会发布的《2030年数字指南针》(Digital Compass)提出，到2030年，使90%以上的欧洲中小企业至少达到基本的数字化强度。数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
疫情加快中小企业数字化转型步伐。新冠疫情对中小企业经营带来不利影响，为应对危机，中小企业和公共部门普遍将数字化作为重要手段。OECD调查表明，70%以上的中小企业关键决策者认为数字技术比疫情之前更重要。
各种新技术在中小企业数字化转型中获得广泛应用，数据价值得到重视。中小企业数字化转型过程中，人工智能、区块链等技术发挥越来越大的作用，据统计，在美国，有超过60%的企业使用这些新技术。这对中小企业数字化转型有重要意义，也将带来重要动力。
加快推动中小企业数字化转型已成为各国共识，通过持续实践形成的一系列经验值得借鉴。数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
一是重视通过数字化转型支持企业复苏。疫情给中小企业带来不利影响，数字化为中小企业摆脱这种影响提供了良好工具。赛捷（Sage）公司发布的报告指出，80%的中小企业认为数字化对于企业复苏和创造就业至关重要。因此各国政府都将推进中小企业数字化作为应对疫情的重要手段。在政策方面，基于对经合组织地区487项复苏政策的分析发现，这些复苏计划都强调创新、数字化和绿色化。
二是重视发挥直接资金支持政策和提升能力政策作用。资金支持是推动中小企业数字化转型的一个重要政策手段，很多国家资金支持政策的特点是专款专用。例如，阿根廷推出5.32亿阿根廷比索（约合860万美元）的融资额度，以支持中小企业专门用于远程办公。爱尔兰为中小企业提供在线培训优惠券计划，微型企业可获得价值2500欧元的在线培训。另一些政策则重视中小企业的数字能力提升。经合组织地区487项复苏政策中，72%旨在提高中小企业有效利用和保护其数据的能力，64%与中小企业提升数据文化和技能有关。
三是建立跨部门协调机制。对各国出台的数字化政策分析发现，约有一半（50.6%）是由两个或两个以上的部门执行相关政策，包括创新部门（30%）、中小企业部门（12%）、ICT基础设施部门（10%）、贸易政策部门（6%）等，政府跨部门协调非常重要。数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
四是通过公私合作提高中小企业数字化转型效能。中小企业数字化转型涉及数据共享、供应链协同等方面，因此，协会、联盟和大企业等机构与政府的深度合作，将有利于快速推动中小企业数字化转型。例如，丹麦数字倡议（MADE Digital）通过政府和私营机构之间的伙伴关系促进中小企业采用数据密集型技术。数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
五是高度重视平台作用。中小企业数字化转型涉及诸多技术、经济、政策等方面事项，需要通过平台集成各类资源，从而推动数字化转型。一些国家政府建立了公共服务平台，为中小企业数字化转型提供更为全面的公共服务。例如，2018年，法国推出了一个在线平台FranceNum，汇聚了大量与数字化转型相关的公共与私人专业顾问，为中小企业数字化转型提供专业咨询服务。同年，丹麦启动“电子商务中心”平台，旨在促进中小企业数字化转型和电子商务发展。
六是积极推动培训，提升中小企业对数字化转型的认知。数字化转型能否成功，很大程度上取决于员工的认知和技能。提升认知、提高技能是中小企业数字化转型的第一步。很多国家在创新培训机制方面进行了有益探索，例如，将企业培训费用作为税收抵扣项目，以税收优惠激励中小企业参加数字化培训；重视利用企业网络和协会来推动知识共享，促进数字化技能提升；等等。
四、政府推动企业主导多方协同
主持人：应从哪些方面着力进一步推动中小企业数字化转型？
项安波（国务院发展研究中心企业研究所副所长、研究员）：企业数字化转型主要是为了降本增效以及突破时空限制寻找市场新机会、拓展发展新空间。企业数字化转型受供应链上下游特别是直接客户的影响，此外，政府政策的支持、鼓励、引导也是重要影响因素。近年来受新冠疫情冲击，我国广大中小企业已意识到线上线下并行经营的重要性，认识到数字化转型是企业应对外部不确定性的关键策略。数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
当前，中小企业数字化转型意愿强烈，同时也面临资源限制和能力制约。一方面，绝大多数中小企业处于数字化发展初级阶段，相较大型企业而言，中小企业资源短缺、数字化人才匮乏、数字化基础孱弱，数字化转型道路上面临不少困难。另一方面，我国目前权威的数据标准尚不完善，数据安全问题还未得到有效解决，新型信息基础设施建设有待加快，数据开放与共享水平有待提高。这些内外影响因素交织在一起，共同制约中小企业数字化转型的深入推进，导致“不能转”“不敢转”“不会转”现象普遍存在。这要求政企共同努力、平台企业和中小企业协同构建共生共荣生态，以进一步推进中小企业数字化转型并取得长足进展。
就政策层面而言，可以借鉴经济合作与发展组织（OECD）“小就是好、小就是美”的小企业优先理念，完善政府推动、企业主导、多方协同参与的发展机制，通过规范的金融和市场支持措施以及激励兼容的机制设计，依托平台赋能，促进区域内大中小企业资源互联互通。企业政策也可适时进行适应性调整、优化和再平衡，一方面包容审慎规范平台企业创新发展，激励平台企业分享平台能力、资源，支持平台企业发挥数字化转型的引领作用。另一方面，以深化“放管服”改革、加快新基建为重点，优化数字化营商环境、夯实数字基础设施，加大对中小企业数字化转型的支持力度，巩固、完善“大型企业顶天立地、平台企业连天接地、中小企业铺天盖地”竞相发展的企业格局。同时，完善平台数字标准和安全体系，加强对企业商业秘密数据、敏感数据的安全保护，缓解企业数字化的后顾之忧。
就互联网平台而言，一方面，其为中小企业提供了新型轻量化发展模式。要利用好平台效应以及中小企业的区域集聚效应，发挥平台积极作用，释放动能，将潜能变为动力。以工业互联网为例，工业互联网平台既要避免因缺乏应用场景而变成仅供展示的展台，又要争取尽快达到平台经济用户规模的关键“引燃点”。这需要平台企业主动赋能、丰富生态，吸引和支持中小企业参与。平台企业可通过优化资源配置、调整利益关系、改善交易结构，完善标准制定和规则设计，形成“平台企业带动中小企业发展，中小企业为平台注入活力”的融通发展新格局。更大范围吸引开发者、生产者和消费者，催生众包设计、网络化协同研发与制造。降低中小企业信息化成本并挖掘其发展潜力，将中小企业的闲置制造资源整合利用，重构价值创造生态和共创共享的创新创业生态，消除信息孤岛。
另一方面，数字化使迭代创新、跨界竞合成为常态，也对平台企业提出更高要求。平台企业要以市场需求和创造价值为导向，利用数字化提供的跨时空构建生态系统的条件，在平台化基础上向生态化、赋能型方向迈出实质性步伐，促进多主体、跨地域、跨领域的竞合共生。可借助中小企业数字化转型契机突破时空限制构建跨边界组织，利用数字化转型所带来的去中介化组织模式、跨界整合等功能，突破企业原有组织边界、颠覆传统科层制管理体系，加速促进企业间的跨界融合，形成跨组织系统。同时，还可利用数字化，促进中小企业高效协同，推动重构供应链和价值链，进而逐渐模糊企业边界、行业边界，逐步形成全纳产业链和无边界组织。数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
就中小企业而言，必须适应生产方式智能化、产业组织平台化、技术创新开放化等发展趋势，积极主动进行数字化转型，以适应科技革命和产业变革带来的颠覆性格局调整和关键生产要素变迁。中小企业必须从战略高度重视数字化转型。要以战略思维、系统观念去衡量数字化转型在企业整体发展大局中的战略地位，做好长远规划。同时，中小企业也必须认识到自身资源限制和能力约束，更多依靠平台企业提供的数字化生态，积极稳妥实现数字化转型，先易后难，分步推进，从轻量化管理数字化转型起步，逐步过渡到业务数字化转型。例如优先将管理、服务等成本较低、显现度高的模块实现数字化，然后稳步向产供销、分析决策等业务模块深入。（本文来源：经济日报 ）
翻译：数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
The digital transformation of economy is the general trend. Small and medium-sized enterprises (smes) are an important part of the real economy and also the focus and difficulty of industrial digital transformation. The report to the Party’s 20th National Congress called for “supporting the development of micro, small and medium-sized enterprises” and “promoting the deep integration of the digital economy and the real economy”. This issue invites experts to discuss issues related to the digital transformation of small and medium-sized enterprises.
host
The theory Department director, researcher Xu Xiangmei
First, a good small and medium-sized enterprises digital transformation required course
Host: What is the significance and value of promoting the digital transformation of smes? What are the main aspects of the digital transformation of smes?
He Jun (Director of the Research Center for Small and Medium-sized Enterprises, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Researcher of the Institute of Industrial Economics) :
He Jun (Director of the Research Center for Small and Medium-sized Enterprises, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Researcher of the Institute of Industrial Economics) : The digital transformation of small and medium-sized enterprises is an important content of the construction of digital China and network power, a difficult point in the digital transformation of China’s economy and society, and a key field of national digital strategy and policy. The digital transformation of smes can not only enhance the driving force of national economic growth, but also create a large number of high-quality jobs. 数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
More importantly, it can activate the economic efficiency and innovation vitality of smes, and enhance the competitiveness of China’s industrial chain and innovation chain. Avoiding the dual differentiation of digital capabilities between large enterprises and small and medium-sized enterprises and realizing the digital collaborative transformation of large, small and medium-sized enterprises is an inherent requirement for the construction of a cyber power, which reflects the inclusive level of digital China.
Digital transformation not only needs to bear the initial high software and equipment expenditure, but also involves complex business process reengineering and management mode reform, which requires smes to overcome the inherent resource constraints and ability barriers. Therefore, the digital transformation of smes is almost a common problem in the development of the global digital economy. We should give full play to the advantages of our socialist system and the role of the government, provide strong and effective strategic guidance and policy support for the pain points, bottlenecks and urgent points of the digital transformation of small and medium-sized enterprises, and promote the digital transformation of small and medium-sized enterprises in a multi-level and all-round way.数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
The digital transformation of smes is first of all the digitization of smes themselves.
It is a system engineering of multi-dimensional collaborative transformation including digitization of management, digitization of business and digitization of business model. It is a complex iterative process from the shallow to the deep. The results of the first step of transformation directly determine the confidence, ability and motivation of smes to continue to promote digital transformation, which is crucial to the whole transformation process. At the low stage of transformation, the initial digital transformation can be completed by introducing financial process automation, collaborative office platform, standardized human resource management software, cloud on the existing information business and other management digital businesses with low investment and low threshold, so as to realize the initial benefits of digitalization.
After the enterprise has formed the necessary digital capability, it will gradually promote the digitalization of high-level business and digital transformation of business model, such as computer-aided design, crowdsourcing design and collaborative research and development, cloud manufacturing execution system, advanced planning and scheduling, comprehensive integration of all links of data based on industrial Internet platform, visualization and intelligent analysis. Form a virtuous cycle of capacity accumulation, business transformation and benefit realization. It should be emphasized that Chinese small and medium-sized enterprises generally have the concept of “heavy hardware, light software, heavy product, light service”, and the core of the digital transformation is software and service, so to promote the digital transformation of small and medium-sized enterprises need to promote the transformation of the cognitive mode of small and medium-sized entrepreneurs in the same time.
Secondly, the digital transformation of smes is mostly externally-driven and enabled
Secondly, the digital transformation of smes is mostly externally-driven and enabled, so the transformation is not only the digitalization of the enterprise’s internal value chain, but also the digitalization of the whole ecology embedded in the enterprise. This requires both large enterprises in the traditional supply chain and new digital platform enterprises and digital solution providers to meet the differentiated needs of small and medium-sized enterprises and provide low-cost and high-enabling tools and solutions for the pain points and weaknesses in operation management, so that small and medium-sized enterprises can use real-time data exchange and intelligent analysis in production operation, inventory management and marketing. 数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
It can realize collaborative optimization with the main enterprises of the supply chain, and realize synchronous evolution with the platform enterprises based on standardized platform interface and diversified development tools, so as to form a situation of symbiotic development between small and medium-sized enterprises and the whole digital ecology. In addition, universities, manufacturing innovation centers, national laboratories and other public research and development institutions that provide basic research, generic technology and cutting-edge technology should also take the initiative to support and promote the majority of small and medium-sized enterprises to realize the digital transformation of the responsibility, according to the special needs of small and medium-sized enterprises digital transformation, research and development of advanced and applicable specific digital technology and solutions.
Finally, both internal digital transformation and external ecological digital transformation of smes need the support and synchronous upgrading of digital infrastructure.
Finally, both internal digital transformation and external ecological digital transformation of smes need the support and synchronous upgrading of digital infrastructure. Because smes have diversified demands and low payment ability, digital infrastructure providers such as high-speed mobile networks and fixed networks, cloud computing and big data lack sufficient market power to provide low-cost and differentiated services to smes, which may result in a “digital divide” between smes and large enterprises in terms of digital infrastructure. In view of this, to promote the digital transformation of smes, new information infrastructure such as gigabit optical network and 5.5G should also be widely covered by smes. 数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
We should give full play to our strategic advantages of moderately advanced deployment of information infrastructure, and promote the integration of digital infrastructure and specific applications of smes. For example, we should vigorously develop the relatively lagging SaaS (software as a service) development based on cloud native architecture. For the textile, catering, retail, mechanical and electronic parts and other fields of small and medium-sized enterprises to provide cloud software development, office, delivery, operation, customer relationship management services. This can not only improve the quantity and quality of cloud service supply, but also synchronously drive the digital transformation of smes, which helps realize the integrated development and dual leadership of digital infrastructure deployment and smes’ digital transformation.
Second, Policy support and innovation-driven results
Host: What advantages does the digital transformation of small and medium-sized enterprises have in our country, how does the transformation condition?
Zhang Yu (Deputy Director of Policy Research Institute, China Industrial Internet Research Institute) : With the deep integration of the new generation of information technology with various industries, a number of new models and new business forms have emerged, which has restructured the competition situation of smes in the industrial chain and supply chain, and helped smes gain greater initiative in market competition. Digital transformation is not only a way to help enterprises rescue, but also a key measure to enhance their competitiveness. Under the new situation, digital transformation of smes is no longer a “multiple choice”, but a “compulsory course”. The digital transformation of small and medium-sized enterprises in our country has the following advantages.
First, policy support has been strengthened.
In recent years, relevant policies have been introduced to improve the digitalization level of smes. In 2019, the General Offices of the CPC Central Committee and The State Council issued the Guidelines on Promoting the Healthy Development of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises, pointing out the need to promote the development of “Internet plus small and medium-sized enterprises”.
In 2020, the General Office of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology issued the Special Action Plan on Digital Empowerment for Small and Medium-sized Enterprises, which set out 13 key tasks and four safeguard measures. In 2021, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology and 19 other departments issued the 14th Five-Year Plan for Promoting the Development of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises, which strengthened the top-level design of digitalization work for small and medium-sized enterprises. In 2022, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology and the Ministry of Finance jointly issued a notice to launch pilot projects of financial support for the digital transformation of small and medium-sized enterprises.
Second, path guidance is more scientific.
In 2022, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology issued the Evaluation Index of Digitalization Level of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises, which was used as the evaluation basis of digitalization Level, the evaluation index of the identification standard of “specialized, specialized and innovative” enterprises, and provided a tool reference for enterprises to carry out self-diagnosis and identify problems. The Digital Transformation Guide for Small and Medium-sized Enterprises provides targeted and operable guidance for enterprises to find out the transformation direction and clear the transformation path.
Third, better service support.
Strengthen the connection between supply and demand, collect and select digital products for “specialized and innovative” enterprises from the society, and provide better services for the digital transformation of small and medium-sized enterprises. We will focus on the difficulties in smes’ transformation, strengthen the empowerment of technology, experience, channels and capital, guide and help more smes to overcome the difficulties of being unwilling, afraid, unable or unable to transform, and speed up the process of digital transformation.
Fourth, the level of innovation has improved significantly.
In terms of R&D investment, the average R&D expenditure of specialized and ultra-new “little giant” enterprises reached 25 million yuan in 2021, and the R&D intensity was about 8.9%. According to the data of China Industrial Internet Research Institute, small enterprises have been increasing their digital-related investment in the past three years, and the proportion of small and medium-sized enterprises with annual digital-related investment of more than 500,000 yuan has increased from 37% to 53%. From the perspective of innovation ability, specialized and innovative “little giant” enterprises hold more than 140,000 invention patents. “Little Giant” enterprises have built more than 10,000 national or provincial R&D institutions. Of which enterprise technology centers account for nearly half; More than 90 percent of specialized and innovative “little giant” enterprises have jointly established research and development institutions with universities and research institutes.
In recent years, digital transformation of small and medium-sized enterprises has achieved positive results. In 2021, China Industrial Internet Research Institute conducted a survey on 684 smes in Shandong, Jiangsu, Hunan, Guangdong and Chongqing. And found that about 51.46% of the sample enterprises are in the implementation stage of digital transformation. They have realized some aspects of digital transformation, promoted the digital upgrading of equipment and tools. And conducted data collection, analysis and visualization. 9.21% of smes are in the stage of deep application. And have basically realized the full integration of next-generation information technology with production and management.数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
Specialized “little giants” and individual manufacturing champions are the leaders of digital transformation.
The digital transformation of state-level specialized and ultra-new “little giant” enterprises is relatively deep, with nearly 20% in the stage of deep application. The overall level of digital transformation of individual champions in manufacturing industry is relatively high. Among which the national individual champions in the deep application stage account for 22%.
Digital transformation has boosted the capacity of smes.
From the perspective of enterprises, data elements collection, aggregation, processing. Analysis and value creation gradually become prominent, and smes’ data management ability has been improved. Data integration and business collaboration jointly promote the transformation of enterprise organizational form. Information technologies such as big data and artificial intelligence enhance the intelligent decision-making ability of enterprises and improve the overall management ability of enterprises. Through device interconnection, operating status monitoring and predictive maintenance are realized to improve enterprise equipment management capabilities.
Based on sales data reverse drive research and development, realize flexible production scheduling, efficient resource docking, improve market response ability. From the external perspective, digital transformation has effectively improved the specialization. Demand docking and collaboration capabilities of smes, and better promoted the docking of ecological resources and the division of industrial chain and supply chain in the manufacturing industry. Based on the industrial Internet platform, large enterprises output their own service capabilities and gradually enter the stage of enabling smes. The cooperation ability of enterprises is improved. And the integrated development ecology of large, small and medium-sized enterprises is gradually improved. Digital transformation effectively promotes new models and business forms. Such as supply chain finance, expands financing channels for smes, and improves their financing capacity.
At the same time, we should also see that the overall foundation of digital transformation of small and medium-sized enterprises is relatively weak. From the digital indicators, the proportion of enterprise digital equipment, equipment network rate, information system coverage rate have a large room to improve.
Third, the experience of some countries can be used for reference数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
Host: What can countries learn from the digital transformation of smes?
Li Yongjian (Professor of Applied Economics, University of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences) :. Digital transformation will be an important driving force for the transformation and upgrading of enterprises, industries and the economy in the future. Globally, smes account for more than 90% of enterprises and are an important source of employment and productivity improvement. Therefore, all major countries in the world attach great importance to the digital transformation of smes as an important direction of digital transformation and growth promotion.
The digital transformation of small and medium-sized enterprises as an important part of the national development strategy, strengthen the top-level design. According to statistics, 34 countries in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) have formulated national digital strategies. All of which explicitly include “digitalization of small and medium enterprises.” The Digital Compass 2030, published by the European Commission. Aims to achieve at least basic digital intensity in more than 90 per cent of European smes by 2030.
The pandemic has accelerated the digital transformation of smes.
The pandemic has accelerated the digital transformation of smes. As the COVID-19 pandemic has adversely affected the management of smes. Smes and the public sector are turning to digitalization as an important tool to cope with the crisis. OECD surveys show that more than 70 percent of key decision makers in small and medium-sized enterprises think digital technologies are more important than before the pandemic.
Various new technologies have been widely used in the digital transformation of small and medium-sized enterprises. And the value of data has been paid attention to. In the process of digital transformation of small and medium-sized enterprises, artificial intelligence, blockchain and other technologies are playing an increasingly important role. According to statistics, in the United States, more than 60% of enterprises use these new technologies. This is of great significance to the digital transformation of smes, and will also bring important impetus.
Accelerating the digital transformation of smes has become the consensus of all countries. And a series of experience formed through continuous practice is worth learning from.数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
First, focus on supporting enterprise recovery through digital transformation.
Digitalization provides a good tool for smes to escape the negative impact of COVID-19. According to a report by Sage, 80 per cent of smes believe digitisation is essential for business recovery and job creation. Therefore, governments around the world are promoting the digitalization of smes as an important means to respond to the pandemic. On the policy front, an analysis of 487 recovery policies in the OECD region found that they emphasize innovation, digitization and greening.
Second, we will give full play to the role of policies on direct financial support and capacity improvement.
Financial support is an important policy means to promote the digital transformation of small and medium-sized enterprises. Many countries’ financial support policies are characterized by special funds. Argentina, for example, launched a 532 million Argentine peso (US $8.6 million) financing line to support small and medium-sized enterprises dedicated to telecommuting. Ireland has an online training voucher scheme for small and medium enterprises, where micro-businesses can receive online training worth €2,500. Other policies focus on enhancing digital capabilities of smes. Of the 487 recovery policies in the OECD region, 72 per cent were aimed at improving smes’ ability to effectively use and protect their data. And 64 per cent were related to smes upgrading their data culture and skills.数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
Third, establish an inter-departmental coordination mechanism.
The analysis of digital policies in various countries found that about half (50.6%) of them are implemented by two or more departments. Including innovation (30%), smes (12%), ICT infrastructure (10%), trade policy (6%), etc. Cross-departmental coordination is very important.
Fourth, enhance the effectiveness of digital transformation for smes through public-private partnerships.
The digital transformation of smes involves data sharing, supply chain coordination and other aspects. Therefore, the deep cooperation between associations, alliances. Large enterprises and the government will be conducive to the rapid promotion of the digital transformation of smes. Denmark’s MADE Digital initiative. For example, promotes the adoption of data-intensive technologies by smes through partnerships between government and private institutions.
Fifth, we attach great importance to the role of platforms.
The digital transformation of small and medium-sized enterprises involves many technical, economic, policy and other issues. And needs to integrate various resources through the platform to promote the digital transformation. Some governments have established public service platforms to provide more comprehensive public services for the digital transformation of smes. For example, in 2018, France launched an online platform, FranceNum. Which brings together a large number of public and private professional consultants related to digital transformation to provide professional consulting services for smes’ digital transformation. In the same year, Denmark launched the “E-commerce Hub” platform. Which aims to promote the digital transformation and e-commerce development of small and medium-sized enterprises.
Sixth, actively promote training to enhance smes’ awareness of digital transformation.
The success of digital transformation largely depends on employees’ perceptions and skills. Improving awareness and skills is the first step of digital transformation for smes. Many countries have made useful explorations in innovating training mechanisms. For example, they have taken enterprise training expenses as a tax deduction item to encourage smes to participate in digital training with tax incentives. Emphasize the use of enterprise networks and associations to promote knowledge sharing and promote digital skills; And so on.数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
Fourth, the government promotes multi-party cooperation led by enterprises
Host: What should we focus on to further promote the digital transformation of smes?
Xiang Anbo (Deputy Director and Researcher of Enterprise Research Institute. Development Research Center of The State Council) :. Digital transformation of enterprises is mainly to reduce costs and increase efficiency. Break through time and space constraints to find new market opportunities and expand new space for development. The digital transformation of enterprises is influenced by the upstream and downstream of the supply chain, especially the direct customers. In addition, the support, encouragement and guidance of government policies are also important influencing factors. In recent years, under the impact of the novel coronavirus epidemic. The majority of small and medium-sized enterprises in China have realized the importance of parallel online and offline operations. And realized that digital transformation is a key strategy for enterprises to cope with external uncertainties.
At present, small and medium-sized enterprises have a strong desire for digital transformation, but also face resource constraints and capacity constraints.
On the one hand, the vast majority of smes are in the initial stage of digital development. Compared with large enterprises, smes face many difficulties in digital transformation due to lack of resources, shortage of digital talents and weak digital foundation. On the other hand, the current authoritative data standards are still not perfect. The data security problems have not been effectively solved, the construction of new information infrastructure needs to be accelerated. And the level of data opening and sharing needs to be improved.
These internal and external factors interweave together, jointly restricting the in-depth promotion of digital transformation of small and medium-sized enterprises, resulting in the widespread phenomenon of “can not turn”, “dare not turn” and “can not turn”. This requires the joint efforts of the government and enterprises. The cooperation of platform enterprises and smes to build a symbiotic and common prosperity ecology. So as to further promote the digital transformation of smes and make great progress.
In terms of policies, we can learn from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)
In terms of policies, we can learn from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) “small is good. Small is beautiful” concept of giving priority to small enterprises, improve the government-driven. Enterprise-led and multi-stakeholder development mechanism. Through standardized financial and market support measures and incentive and compatible mechanism design, relying on the platform to enable. We will promote resource connectivity among large, small and medium-sized enterprises in the region. Corporate policies can also be adjusted, optimized and rebalanced in time. On the one hand, they are inclusive and prudent in regulating the innovation and development of platform enterprises. Encouraging them to share their capabilities and resources, and supporting them to play a leading role in digital transformation.
On the other hand, focusing on deepening the reform of “delegating supervision and service” and speeding up new infrastructure. We will optimize the digital business environment and consolidate digital infrastructure. Increase support for the digital transformation of small and medium-sized enterprises. And consolidate and improve the enterprise pattern in which “large enterprises stand at the top of the sky. Platform enterprises are connected to the sky, and small and medium-sized enterprises are everywhere”. At the same time, the digital standards and security system of the platform will be improved to strengthen the security protection of business secret data and sensitive data of enterprises. So as to ease the worries of digitalization of enterprises.
In terms of Internet platform, on the one hand, it provides a new lightweight development mode for small and medium-sized enterprises. 数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
We should make good use of the platform effect and the regional agglomeration effect of small and medium-sized enterprises. Give full play to the positive role of the platform, release momentum, and turn potential into driving force. Take the industrial Internet as an example, the industrial Internet platform should not only avoid becoming a booth for display due to the lack of application scenarios, but also strive to reach the key “ignition point” of the economic user scale of the platform as soon as possible. This requires platform enterprises to take the initiative to empower, enrich the ecosystem. And attract and support the participation of small and medium-sized enterprises.
Platform enterprises can optimize resource allocation, adjust interest relationship. Improve trading structure, perfect standard formulation and rule design. And form a new integrated development pattern of “platform enterprises drive the development of small and medium-sized enterprises. And small and medium-sized enterprises inject vitality into the platform”. To attract more developers, producers and consumers, and promote crowdsourcing design, networked collaborative research and development and manufacturing. To reduce the informatization cost of small and medium-sized enterprises and tap their development potential. Integrate and utilize idle manufacturing resources of small and medium-sized enterprises. Reconstruct the value creation ecology and the innovation and entrepreneurship ecology of co-creation and sharing, and eliminate information islands.
On the other hand, digitalization makes iterative innovation and cross-boundary competition and cooperation become normal.
On the other hand, digitalization makes iterative innovation and cross-boundary competition and cooperation become normal. Which also puts forward higher requirements for platform enterprises. Platform enterprises should be guided by market demand and value creation. Make use of the conditions provided by digitization to build an ecosystem across time and space. And take substantial steps towards an ecological and enabling direction on the basis of platform. So as to promote multi-subject, cross-regional and cross-field competition, cooperation and symbiosis. By taking advantage of the opportunity of digital transformation of small and medium-sized enterprises. They can break through the limitations of time and space to build trans-boundary organizations.
By utilizing the functions of disintermediation organization mode and trans-boundary integration brought by digital transformation. They can break through the original organizational boundaries of enterprises, subvert the traditional bureaucratic management system, accelerate the trans-boundary integration between enterprises. And form a trans-organizational system. At the same time, digitalization can also be used to promote the efficient collaboration of smes. Promote the reconstruction of supply chain and value chain, and then gradually blur the boundaries of enterprises and industries. And gradually form an inclusive industrial chain and borderless organization.
As for smes, they must adapt to the development trends of intelligent production mode, platforming of industrial organization, open technology innovation and so on
As for smes, they must adapt to the development trends of intelligent production mode. Platforming of industrial organization, open technology innovation and so on. And actively carry out digital transformation to adapt to the subversive character adjustment and the change of key production factors brought by scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation. Smes must attach strategic importance to digital transformation.
It is necessary to measure the strategic position of digital transformation in the overall development of enterprises with strategic thinking and systematic concept, and make long-term plans. At the same time, smes must also recognize their own resource constraints and capacity constraints. Rely more on the digital ecology provided by platform enterprises, and actively and steadily realize digital transformation. They should advance step by step, starting from the digital transformation of lightweight management and gradually transiting to the digital transformation of business. For example, it prioritizes digitization of modules with low cost and high visibility such as management and service. And then steadily goes deeper into business modules such as production, supply and marketing, analysis and decision-making.数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
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