不断加快的变革步伐加大了公司提供新产品、服务和功能的压力。他们依靠 PMO 来确保工作一致、高效且符合业务目标。数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
一、项目管理办公室（PMO）定义
项目管理办公室（PMO）是一个组或职能单位，负责设置、维护和实施组织内构建和执行项目的实践、策略和标准。
根据项目管理协会（PMI）的说法，PMO对于寻求在整个生命周期中集中和协调项目管理的企业至关重要。数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
“一个好的 PMO 可以推动纪律、沟通和编排。他们确保为组织提供价值，“作为专业服务公司毕马威（KPMG）的负责人，戴夫·沃尔夫（Dave Wolf）说，他专注于转型交付。
ROC实施与管理集团（ROCIMG）的认证项目管理专家（PMP）和项目经理/顾问Debra Chin更简洁地描述了PMO，他说：“这是一个有助于管理项目的集中点。
根据项目管理服务公司 PM Solutions 的 2022 年项目管理办公室状况报告，近四分之三的大中型公司报告拥有 PMO。此外，该报告发现，大多数PMO（约83%）向副总裁或更高级别报告，50%直接向C级高管报告，这表明PMO对当今公司的战略重要性。数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
二、PMO 的角色和职责
根据项目管理专家和PMI的说法，PMO承担着多种责任。一个关键职责是创建将用于在组织内运行项目的流程、工具、技术和策略。PMO还为项目经理领导项目所需的技能制定了标准。
PMO 确定各种项目需要哪些文档，并强制遵守其建立的实践和标准。数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
PMO还与业务领导者合作，确定项目的优先级，并确保项目与公司的战略目标保持一致。
“他们确保每个人都知道公司的发展方向，”Ordonna Sargeant说，她是一家拥有全球业务的公司的PMP认证全球项目经理，纽约大都会学院的兼职教授，也是PMI成员。
PMO 还有助于定义和确保遵守每个项目的范围、进度和预算，并帮助管理对这三个项目的任何所需更改。
PMO工作人员还通过识别单个项目中出现的问题或在多个项目中出现的问题来发挥关键的监督作用;然后，他们努力解决这些问题，以尽量减少任何负面影响。数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
正如Sargeant所解释的那样，“他们正在观察趋势是否出现，他们正在观察不同项目的进展。
此外，PMO 确保项目团队拥有成功所需的资源;为PMO员工以及整个组织的工作人员提供培训和指导;并在项目团队和业务负责人之间进行沟通。
此外，PMO 还充当项目相关信息的集中存放，例如状态报告、已识别的风险和项目相互依赖关系。
也许最重要的是它的首要责任，即确保项目提供价值。PMO 与项目的业务发起人合作，阐明预期结果，建立衡量成功的指标，然后报告已完成项目产生的回报。数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
PM 解决方案报告将高绩效 PMO 的主要活动确定为：
- 促进资源、工具、方法和技术的共享
- 支持策略、程序和模板的一致使用
- 沟通战略工作/进展（升级、风险、收益）
- 标准化与项目相关的治理流程
- 使工作与战略目标保持一致
- 实施/管理仪表板/记分卡
- 建立恰到好处的流程和实践纪律
- 与职能部门（财务、人力资源、IT）对接
- 建议/支持高级管理层
三、PMO 的优势
专家说，当项目的数量和复杂性达到项目团队难以确定资源的优先级和标准化所有项目的政策、程序和风险评估的程度时，组织通常需要PMO。数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
Chin说，当组织需要对其项目组合进行更多的可见性和协调时，PMO是有意义的，并补充说，PMO带来了“从10,000英尺的高度看”的好处。
“PMO正在着眼于大局，”她补充道。数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
其他人则指出PMO为组织带来的其他好处，称该办公室有助于验证团队是否正在从事支持业务需求和目标的项目;可以最好地协调资源的放置和排序项目，以防止瓶颈;并且可以更好地识别、监控和管理支持项目的所有元素以及项目存在的风险。
四、项目管理办公室的结构和角色
PMO 的结构和角色因类型和支持的组织而异。PMO 通常由负责确保项目与业务目标保持一致的董事领导。数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
在较大的组织中，项目经理或项目组合项目经理可能是 PMO 的一部分，为多个相关项目提供监督。无论哪种方式，项目经理都是PMO的关键角色，对单个项目提供领导。
项目协调员、管理员和分析师是 PMO 中可以找到的其他角色。
PMO 通常驻留在 IT 职能部门内，因为该部门内有大量项目。
但是，正如 PM Solutions 2022 项目管理办公室状况报告所发现的那样，PMO 驻留在组织结构图中的位置以及监督他们的人各不相同。数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
沃尔夫说，PMO所在的位置不如其了解组织内部正在发生的事情的能力重要。
五、为组织选择正确的 PMO
PMO 根据其管理组织项目管理功能的方法而有所不同，可以分为以下常见识别的 PMO 类型：
控制：这种类型的 PMO 需要严格遵守其建立的策略、实践、标准、模板、工具和技术，以确保组织内所有项目的一致性。根据Sargeant的说法，高度监管行业的公司以及项目存在高风险的组织通常会选择实施控制性PMO。数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
支持：忠实于其名称，支持性 PMO 提供最佳实践、模板和其他项目来支持项目团队，提供培训、指导和服务，以根据需要支持这些团队。数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
命令：指令PMO的显着特征是它直接参与项目执行;该厅的项目经理参与每项倡议，指导完成项目所需的活动，从而确保一个项目与下一个项目的高度一致性。与控制性PMO类似，指令性PMO也经常出现在高度监管的高风险行业中。数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
各种项目管理机构提供了组织在实施 PMO 时可以选择的其他类别。
例如，技术研究和咨询公司Gartner将PMO分为四类：激进的PMO，交付PMO，合规PMO和集中式PMO。
其他人将PMO类型分为集中式和分散式类别。
另一种公认的 PMO 类型是企业 PMO （EPMO）。Sargeant说，企业PMO，它为整个组织的整个项目组合设定标准，流程和交付方法（例如项目管理方法）。Sargeant解释说，它通常具有企业范围的关键绩效指标（KPI），并作为所有项目工作的首选机构。数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
企业 PMO 可以作为控制性、支持性或指令性 PMO 运行。
项目管理专家表示，每种PMO类型都有一些人认为的优点，而另一些人则认为是缺点。
例如，控制型 PMO 支持对标准的严格合规性，但不灵活，而支持性 PMO 具有灵活性，但在整个公司中的一致性较低。
据专家称，这些是利是弊取决于公司的观点，这就是为什么他们说公司的要求应该决定其实施的PMO类型。数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
“我不认为有一个放之四海而皆准的PMO，”Chin说，“所以你需要了解作为一个组织你想要实现的目标。
例如，控制PMO非常适合必须符合一长串安全要求的建筑公司，Sargeant说。另一方面，重视创新速度并希望能够快速转向的初创公司可能会发现控制PMO过于严格，并且使用支持性的PMO可能会更好。
英文原文：
What is a project management office (PMO)? The key to standardizing project success
The ever-increasing pace of change has upped the pressure on companies to deliver new products, services, and capabilities. And they’re relying on PMOs to ensure that work gets done consistently, efficiently, and in line with business objectives.数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
Project management office (PMO) definition
A project management office (PMO) is a group, or functional unit, that sets, maintains, and enforces the practices, policies, and standards for structuring and executing projects within an organization.
According to the Project Management Institute (PMI), a PMO is essential for enterprises seeking to centralize and coordinate the management of projects throughout their life cycles.
“A good PMO drives discipline, communication, and orchestration. They make sure value gets delivered to the organization,” says Dave Wolf, who as a principal at professional services firm KPMG focuses on transformation delivery.数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
Debra Chin, a certified Project Management Professional (PMP) and program manager/consultant with ROC Implementation & Management Group (ROCIMG), describes the PMO more succinctly, saying, “It’s a centralized point that helps manage projects.”
Nearly three-quarters of midsize and large companies report having a PMO, according to the 2022 State of the Project Management Office report from PM Solutions, a project management services firm. Moreover, the report found that most PMOs — some 83% — report to a vice president or higher, with 50% reporting directly to a C-level executive, indicating the PMO’s strategic importance for companies today.
Roles and responsibilities of a PMO
The PMO has a multitude of responsibilities, according to project management experts and the PMI. One key responsibility is to create the processes, tools, techniques, and policies that will be used to run projects within an organization. The PMO also establishes standards for the skills required for project managers to lead projects.数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
The PMO determines what documentation is required for the various projects, and it enforces adherence to the practices and standards it has established.
The PMO also collaborates with business leaders to prioritize projects and ensure projects are aligned to the company’s strategic objectives.
“They make sure everyone is aware of the direction that the company is going,” says Ordonna Sargeant, a PMP-certified global project manager for a company with worldwide operations, an adjunct professor at Metropolitan College of New York, and a PMI member.数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
Define and ensure adherence to each project’s scope
The PMO also helps define and ensure adherence to each project’s scope, schedule and budget, and it helps manage any required changes to those three items.
PMO staffers also play a critical oversight role by identifying problems that arise within individual projects or that bubble up within multiple projects; they then work to address those issues to minimize any negative impacts.数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
As Sargeant explains, “They’re seeing if trends emerge, and they’re watching for how things are progressing for the different projects.”
The PMO determines what documentation is required for the various projects, and it enforces adherence to the practices and standards it has established.数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
The PMO also collaborates with business leaders to prioritize projects and ensure projects are aligned to the company’s strategic objectives.
“They make sure everyone is aware of the direction that the company is going,” says Ordonna Sargeant, a PMP-certified global project manager for a company with worldwide operations, an adjunct professor at Metropolitan College of New York, and a PMI member.
The PMO also helps define and ensure adherence to each project’s scope, schedule and budget, and it helps manage any required changes to those three items.
PMO staffers also play a critical oversight role by identifying problems that arise within individual projects or that bubble up within multiple projects; they then work to address those issues to minimize any negative impacts.
As Sargeant explains, “They’re seeing if trends emerge, and they’re watching for how things are progressing for the different projects.”
The PMO determines what documentation is required for the various projects, and it enforces adherence to the practices and standards it has established.数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
The PMO also collaborates with business leaders to prioritize projects and ensure projects are aligned to the company’s strategic objectives.
“They make sure everyone is aware of the direction that the company is going,” says Ordonna Sargeant, a PMP-certified global project manager for a company with worldwide operations, an adjunct professor at Metropolitan College of New York, and a PMI member.
The PMO also helps define and ensure adherence to each project’s scope, schedule and budget, and it helps manage any required changes to those three items.
PMO staffers also play a critical oversight role by identifying problems that arise within individual projects or that bubble up within multiple projects; they then work to address those issues to minimize any negative impacts.数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
As Sargeant explains, “They’re seeing if trends emerge, and they’re watching for how things are progressing for the different projects.”
- Facilitating the sharing of resources, tools, methodologies, techniques
- Enabling consistent use of policies, procedures, templates
- Communicating strategic work/progress (escalations, risks, benefits)
- Standardizing project-related governance processes
- Aligning work with strategic goals
- Implementing/managing dashboards/scorecards
- Establishing just-enough process and practice discipline
- Interfacing with functional units (finance, HR, IT)
- Advising/supporting senior management
Benefits of a PMO
An organization typically requires a PMO when the number and complexity of its projects reach a point where project teams have difficulty prioritizing resources and standardizing policies, procedures, and risk assessments across all of them, experts say.
Chin says a PMO makes sense when the organization needs more visibility and coordination across its portfolio of projects, adding that PMOs bring the benefit of giving a “look from a 10,000-foot level.”
“PMOs are looking at the big picture,” she adds.
Others point to additional benefits that a PMO brings to the organization, saying the office helps validate that teams are working on the projects that support business needs and objectives; can best orchestrate the placement of resources and sequence projects to prevent bottlenecks; and can better identify, monitor, and manage all the elements that support projects as well as the risks that projects present.
Project management office structure and roles
The structure and roles of PMOs differ based on their type and the organizations they support. PMOs will often be headed up by a director who is responsible for ensuring project alignment with business objectives.
In larger organizations, program managers or portfolio program managers may be part of the PMO to provide oversight for multiple related projects. Either way, project managers are a key role for PMOs, providing leadership over individual projects.
Project coordinators, administrators, and analysts are other roles that may be found in a PMO.
PMOs often reside within the IT function, given the high volume of projects within that department.
But, as the PM Solutions 2022 State of the Project Management Office report found, where PMOs reside in an org chart and who oversees them varies.
Wolf says where the PMO resides is less critical than its ability to understand what’s happening within the organization.
Choosing the right PMO for your organization
PMOs differ based on their approach to managing an organization’s project management function and can be gropued into the following commonly recognized PMO types:
Controlling:
This type of PMO requires rigid adherence to the policies, practices, standards, templates, tools, and techniques it has established to ensure uniformity across all projects within the organization. According to Sargeant, companies in highly regulated industries, as well as organizations where projects present high levels of risk, often opt to implement a controlling PMO.
Supportive:
Faithful to its name, a supportive PMO supplies best practices, templates, and other items to support project teams, offering training, guidance, and services to support those teams as needed.
Directive:
The distinguishing feature of a directive PMO is its direct involvement in project execution; the office’s project managers insert themselves into each initiative to direct the activities required to move the project to completion, thereby assuring a high degree of consistency from one project to the next. Similar to the controlling PMO, a directive PMO is also often found in highly regulated, high-risk industries.
Various project management authorities offer additional categories that organizations might choose from when implementing a PMO.
For example, tech research and advisory firm Gartner breaks down PMOs into four categories: the activist PMO, the delivery PMO, the compliance PMO, and the centralized PMO.
Others divide PMO types into centralized and decentralized categories.
Another commonly recognized PMO type is the enterprise PMO (EPMO). Sargeant says an enterprise PMO, which sets the standards, processes, and delivery approaches (such as the project management methodologies) for the entire portfolio of projects across the organization. It typically has enterprise-wide key performance indicators (KPIs) and functions as the go-to authority for all project work, Sargeant explains.
An enterprise PMO can operate as a controlling, supportive, or directive PMO.
Project management experts say each PMO type has what could be perceived by some as advantages but by others as disadvantages.
For example, a controlling PMO supports strong compliance to standards but is not flexible, whereas a supportive PMO has flexibility but has less consistency across the company.
Whether those are pros or cons depend on a company’s perspective, according to experts, which is why they say a company’s requirements should dictate the type of PMO it implements.
PMO
“I don’t think there’s a one-size-fits-all PMO,” Chin says, “so you need to understand as an organization what you’re trying to achieve.”
For example, a controlling PMO would be a good fit at a construction company that must comply with a long list of safety requirements, Sargeant says. On the other hand, a startup that values speed for innovation and wants the ability to pivot quickly may find a controlling PMO too restrictive and would likely be better off with a supportive PMO.
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