我们正处于一个百年未有之大变局的新时代，一切事物皆可数据化，据权威机构预测2025年全球产生的数据将达175ZB，而中国数据量将增至48.6ZB，占全球数据量的 27.8%，成为全球最大的数据圈。谁掌握了数据谁就掌握发展主动权，谁利用好数据谁将赢得未来数字竞争新优势。
当下，全球化遭遇逆流，数据保护主义抬头，打着数据自由主义的幌子大搞单边主义。中国数字经济规模稳居世界第二，但在数据领域的话语体系的建设与我国大国地位不匹配，中国数据领域话语体系整体建设水平有待提高。
一、“中国式数据发展主义”的本质
如何更好发挥数据要素作用？东西方采取了截然不同的数据立场，根本上取决于资本主义与社会主义两种思想体系、两种价值观念和两种社会制度的不同。
中国式数据发展主义的本质是数字化的社会主义生产方式和数字技术革命背后的社会主义逻辑在意识形态上的集中体现，它区别于美国“数据自由主义”、欧盟“数据保护主义”。
构建中国式数据发展主义的根本目的是解放和发展数据生产力，牢牢掌握国家数字竞争“话语权”，建立更加科学有力的、适合我国国情和发展实际的数据领域话语体系。
二、“中国式数据发展主义”的内涵
- 坚持社会主义核心价值观
- 坚持党的集中统一领导
- 推动有效市场与有为政府更好结合
- 构建符合人口巨大规模国情的，促进全体人民共同富裕、物质文明和精神文明相协调、人与自然和谐共生、走和平发展道路的“数据发展主义”
- 推动构建数据要素全国统一大市场，更好发挥数据要素作用，促进全面高质量发展，走出一条中国式数据治理现代化与高质量发展之路
三、“中国式数据发展主义”的框架
解放思想“吃改革饭、走开放路”。把握数据特性及其价值运动规律，构建数据基础制度，夯实“还数于民”的制度基础，推进数据要素市场化配置改革，完善共建共治共享的数据新型生产关系，发展数据生产力，促进共同富裕。
树立“六大思维”。以战略思维为引领，以系统思维推进数据治理体系建设，以辩证思维和创新思维调整数据生产关系，以精准思维提高数据供给质量与效率，以底线思维夯实数据安全保障体系。
处理好“十大关系”。构建供给和需求正反馈机制，促进公共数据与非公共数据融合，允许适度垄断促进数据流通，规范场外流通与培育场内交易并重，探索多元化确权分配，可信技术支撑治理落地，推进数据合规促进创新，包容监管促进发展，完善争议处理强化权益保障，有效利用国内国际两个市场两种数据资源。
构建共建共享共用共治的数据生产关系。发挥新型举国体制优势，创造性贯彻落实宪法第六条，探索构建“社会主义数据共同所有制”，通过国家数据立法，赋予全体人民“数据共同所有权利”，让数据生产资料真正掌握在人民手中，取之于民、用之于民。
健全“两权分离”与“三权分置”的数据产权制度。创立数据共有权与数据用益权“两权分离”的数据产权结构，健全资源持有权、加工使用权、产品经营权等数据用益权的“三权结构性分置”运行机制，完善数据所有者、持有者、处理者、经营者、中介服务者、消费者等利益相关方权利义务。
规范数据财富形成机制。初次分配，以价值创造、互惠利他为导向，按价值贡献参与分配，着重保护数据资源持有者、加工使用者、产品经营者的劳动收益。二次分配，由政府按照公平优先原则，通过税收减免、社会保障支出等方式，兑现数据所有者权益。三次分配，以慈善公益方式分配数据财富。
探索进取型“守门人”制度。“疏”与“堵”相结合，赋予数据矿主、产业龙头、平台型企业、数据交易机构、数据处理者等“守门人”地位，立足防守，更图发展，使之在做好个人信息保护与数据安全防守的同时，更发挥其行业生态带动能力、产业链供应链协同能力、数据治理与技术创新能力，带动中小企业及其行业生态伙伴，提高数据供给水平，增加全社会数据附加值和市场流动性。
建设高标准数据要素市场体系。构建适宜数据要素特性及其运动规律的多级市场结构，完善市场准入规则、竞争规则和流通交易规则，培育多层次、多元化数据流通生态，建设全员、成体系、全过程的数据合规治理体系，提高治理能力，打造数据合规共同体，推动数据的充分生产、合理分配、高效流通、自由消费。
完善国家数据治理组织体系。以组建国家数据局为重要契机，坚持全国一盘棋，构建横向到边、纵向到底的国家数据治理体系，强化中央和地方数字化统筹协调工作机制，加强各地区各部门统一归口管理力度，加强政府和企业首席数据官、数据合规师及专业技术人才队伍建设，推动“还数于民”在实际工作中落地、落实、落细。
翻译：
We are in a new era of profound changes rarely seen in a century. Everything can be digitized. According to the authoritative agency, in 2025, the data generated in the world will reach 175ZB, while China’s data volume will increase to 48.6ZB, accounting for 27.8% of the global data volume, becoming the largest data circle in the world. Those who master the data will master the initiative of development, and those who make good use of data will win the new advantages of digital competition in the future.
At present, globalization is facing a backlash, data protectionism is on the rise, and unilateralism is being pursued under the guise of data liberalism. China’s digital economy ranks the second in the world, but the construction of discourse system in the data field does not match China’s status as a major country, and the overall construction level of discourse system in the data field needs to be improved.
The nature of “Chinese-style data developmentalism”
How to better play the role of data elements? The East and the West have adopted completely different data positions, which fundamentally depends on the difference between capitalism and socialism two ideological systems, two values and two social systems.
The essence of Chinese data developmentalism is the concentrated ideological embodiment of the digital socialist mode of production and the socialist logic behind the digital technology revolution, which is different from the “data liberalism” of the United States and the “data protectionism” of the European Union.
The fundamental purpose of constructing Chinese-style data developmentalism is to liberate and develop data productivity, firmly grasp the “discourse power” of national digital competition, and establish a more scientific and powerful discourse system in data field that suits China’s national conditions and development reality.
The connotation of “Chinese-style data developmentalism”
Uphold core socialist values
Uphold the centralized and unified leadership of the Party
We will promote a better combination of efficient markets and successful government
Build a “data developmentalism” that conforms to the national conditions of a huge population, promotes common prosperity for all people, harmonizes material and spiritual civilization, co-exists between man and nature, and takes the road of peaceful development.
We will promote the construction of a large and unified national market for data factors, give better play to the role of data factors, promote comprehensive and high-quality development, and embark on a road of China-style data governance modernization and high-quality development
The framework of “Chinese-style data developmentalism”
Emancipate the mind “eat the rice of reform and take the road of opening up”. We should grasp the characteristics of data and the law of value movement, build a system of data foundation, consolidate the institutional foundation of “returning data to the people”, advance the market-oriented allocation reform of data elements, improve the new production relations of data based on joint construction, governance and sharing, develop data productivity, and promote common prosperity.
Develop “six big thinking”. Guided by strategic thinking, we should promote the construction of data governance system with systematic thinking, adjust data production relations with dialectical thinking and innovative thinking, improve the quality and efficiency of data supply with precise thinking, and consolidate the data security system with bottom line thinking.
Manage the Top 10 Relationships. Build a positive feedback mechanism for supply and demand, promote the integration of public data and non-public data, allow moderate monopoly to promote data circulation, standardize over-the-counter circulation and foster over-the-counter trading, explore diversified right allocation, implement governance supported by credible technology, promote data compliance to promote innovation, promote inclusive regulation to promote development, improve dispute handling and strengthen rights protection. Effectively utilize two kinds of data resources in both domestic and international markets.
The framework of “Chinese-style data developmentalism”
Build a data production relationship featuring joint contribution, sharing, sharing and governance. We will give full play to the advantages of the new nationwide system, implement Article 6 of the Constitution in a creative way, explore the establishment of a “socialist common ownership of data”, pass national data legislation, and grant all the people “common ownership of data”, so that the means of data production are truly in the hands of the people, taken from them and used by them.
Improve the data property rights system of “separation of two rights” and “separation of three rights”. A data property right structure with “two rights separation” of data co-ownership and data usufruct should be established. And the operation mechanism of “three rights structure separation” of data usufruct such as resource holding right, processing right and product right should be perfected, so as to improve the rights and obligations of data owners, holders, processors, operators, intermediary service providers, consumers and other stakeholders.
We will standardize the mechanism for creating data wealth. The initial distribution is guided by value creation and reciprocal altruism. It participates in the distribution according to value contribution and focuses on protecting the labor income of data resource holders, processing users and product operators. Secondary distribution, by the government in accordance with the principle of fairness priority. Through tax relief, social security expenditures, etc., to cash the data owner’s equity. Three times of distribution, the distribution of data wealth in the way of charity.
The framework of “Chinese-style data developmentalism”
Explore an aggressive gatekeeper system. The combination of “thinness” and “blockage” enthrones the “gatekeeper” position of data mining owners, industry leaders, platform-type enterprises, data trading institutions and data processors. Based on defense, it is more likely to develop. While doing a good job in personal information protection and data security defense. It also gives full play to its industrial ecological driving ability, industrial chain and supply chain coordination ability, data governance and technological innovation ability. Drive small and medium-sized enterprises and their ecological partners in the industry, improve the level of data supply, increase the added value of social data and market liquidity.
We will develop a high-standard data factor market system. Build a multilevel market structure suitable for the characteristics of data elements and their movement rules, improve the market access rules, competition rules and circulation and trading rules, cultivate a multi-level and diversified data circulation ecology, build a data compliance governance system with full personnel, system and whole process, improve governance capacity, and build a data compliance community. We will promote the full production, rational distribution, efficient circulation and free consumption of data.
Improve the national data governance organization system. Taking the establishment of the National Data Bureau as an important opportunity. We will build a national data governance system that is horizontal to the edge and vertical to the bottom. Strengthen the central and local digital coordination working mechanism, strengthen the unified management of all regions and departments. And strengthen the construction of chief data officers, data compliance engineers and professional and technical personnel in government and enterprises. We have promoted the implementation, implementation and refinement of the principle of “Leaving more to the people” in practical work.
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