数字经济再提速，这一次说的是“数据”。近期数据要素相关政策频出，如央行业务领域数据安全管理办法、广州市数据条例、上海浦东数据流通交易规定等均在公开征求意见。
7月28日，备受瞩目的国家数据局首任局长官宣。根据《党和国家机构改革方案》，国家数据局负责协调推进数据基础制度建设，统筹数据资源整合共享和开发利用，统筹推进数字中国、数字经济、数字社会规划和建设等，由国家发展和改革委员会管理。
在政策信号日渐清晰的背景下，国家数据局的组建呼应了数字经济发展的需要，数据要素市场空间广阔。据国家发改委专家初步测算，全国企业数据要素支出规模约为3.3万亿元，如果考虑数据资产评估、质押、融资等衍生市场，整体规模可能超过30万亿元。
在数据要素市场建设和价值释放的过程中，数据交易所是不可或缺的一环。自2014年以来，一批批数据交易平台、数据交易中心、数据交易所不断涌现出来。以下为零壹智库最新数据交易所研究报告《全国44家数据交易所规模、股权、标的、模式分析》的摘选，完整版报告近万字。数字化转型网www.szhzxw.cn
2022年12月，中共中央、国务院印发《关于构建数据基础制度更好发挥数据要素作用的意见》（以下简称“数据二十条”），初步搭建我国数据基础制度体系，对数据交易所的发展起到巨大的推动作用。
据零壹智库不完全统计，截至2023年6月底，全国各地由政府发起、主导或批复的数据交易所达到44家，头部数据交易所交易规模已达到亿元至十亿元级别，且呈现出爆发式增长趋势。
一、基本情况：建设速度加快，交易规模爆发式增长
2014年我国数据交易所建设进入探索阶段，翌年4月，全国首个大数据交易所——贵阳大数据交易所正式挂牌运营。2015-2020年，国内先后涌现出近30家数据交易所，数据交易迎来1.0时代。
随着数字化深度融入经济社会发展，进入2021年四季度，数据交易所的筹备建设掀起新一轮热潮。
2021年10月到2022年3月，北方大数据交易所、上海数据交易所、西部数据交易中心等11家交易机构密集开始启动建设，并逐步转入试运营和正式运营阶段。数字化转型网www.szhzxw.cn
目前由地方政府发起、主导或批复的数据交易所已达到44家（不含香港大数据交易所），其中正式运营的有15家，数据交易进入2.0时代。
表1：44家数据交易所基本情况
（截至2023年6月）
从地域分布来看，44家数据交易所主要集中在京津冀、珠三角、长三角、中西部经济发达地区。其中，广东、湖北和山东各有4家，北京、江苏、河南各有3家，上海、浙江和重庆各2家，四川、安徽、陕西等16个省级行政区各1家。特别的，四川和重庆拟共建川渝大数据交易平台。
在数据交易所数量增长之外，交易所内数商生态日趋完善，数据产品更加丰富，交易规模也迎来爆发式增长。数字化转型网www.szhzxw.cn
二、股东结构：国资主导，上市公司、数据服务公司多元化持股
总体来看，前述数据交易所主要采取“国有资本+民营资本”共同持股的股权架构，运营方式为“国资入股、政府指导、市场化运营”。这样，既可以充分发挥政府政策优势和资源优势，保证数据的权威性，也能够确保市场化机构的参与积极性，扩大参与主体的范围。
2022年以来，部分数据交易所股权信息发生变更。例如，贵阳大数据交易所由原来的贵阳市大数据产业有限公司、九次方大数据信息集团有限公司、北京亚信数据有限公司等6家公司共同持股变为贵州云上数据交易有限公司100%持股；上海数据交易所大股东从“上海联合投资有限公司”变更为“上海数据集团有限公司”
伴随着股东的变更和数据交易市场的竞争加剧，各大交易所也在密集增资，增强自身实力。例如，2022年8月，郑州数据交易中心引进20多名新股东，注册资本由300万元增至2亿元；同一时间，福建大数据交易中心运营方福建省大数据交易集团增资到100亿元。数字化转型网www.szhzxw.cn
此外，多家数据交易所的股东为上市公司。例如，浙数文化（600633.SH）和安恒信息（688023.SH）分别持有浙江大数据交易中心48.2%、46.8%的股份；广电运通（002152.SZ）持有广州数据交易所10.5%的股份。
表2：36家数据交易所的主要股东
三、交易标的：数据API、数据集、数据报告为主，探索新的数据类型
2020年12月，发改委、网信办等四部门发布《关于加快构建全国一体化大数据中心协同创新体系的指导意见》，提出要完善覆盖原始数据、脱敏处理数据、模型化数据和人工智能化数据等不同数据开发层级的新型大数据综合交易机制，确定了数据交易的四种产品形态。数字化转型网www.szhzxw.cn
表3：四种数据交易产品的对比
表4：10家数据交易所的数据服务与数据类型
可供交易的数据类型从原来的金融、互联网领域逐步扩大至医疗、气象、交通、物流、通讯、教育、人文、地理、生活服务等多领域。随着数据交易所迎来新一轮发展浪潮，新的数据类型和应用场景也不断得到发掘。
例如，2023年1月，广州数据交易所推出全国首个数据交易领域的行业数据指数发布平台，涵盖10个行业80余项行业数据指数。数字化转型网www.szhzxw.cn
四、交易方式：撮合交易和增值服务为主，新交易方式开始出现
综合全国各大数据交易所具体实践来看，目前主要形成了撮合交易和增值服务两种数据交易模式。随着我国数据交易市场进入第二波发展机遇期，以及数字技术的深入发展，新的交易模式也在探索中逐渐出现。
贵阳大数据交易所是早期撮合交易的代表，近年来对自身功能和定位进行了一系列调整，创新数据招投标业务，开拓平台数据定制化服务领域，逐步走上转型之路。2022年4月以来，贵阳大数据交易所先后上线了“气象数据专区”“电力数据专区”“政府数据开放专区”“算力资源专区”。数字化转型网www.szhzxw.cn
贵交所支持数据产品和服务、算力资源、算法工具等多元化产品交易，并在此过程中逐步探索开展数据价格形成、产品定价、价值评估。另外，试点开展数据要素型企业认定、企业采购数据费用纳入研发投入、数据资产纳入企业负债表等，探索数据资产融资方式等支持政策，吸引市场主体进场交易。
翻译：
With the Director of the National Data Bureau in place, What are the 44 data exchanges doing
The digital economy is picking up speed again, this time with “data.” Recently, there have been frequent policies related to data elements, such as the data security management methods of the Central bank’s business field, the data regulations of Guangzhou City, and the data circulation and transaction regulations of Shanghai Pudong, etc., are all in the public consultation.
On July 28, the first director of the high-profile National Data Bureau was announced. According to the Reform Plan of Party and State Institutions, the National Data Bureau is responsible for coordinating and promoting the construction of data infrastructure systems, coordinating the integration, sharing, development and utilization of data resources, and coordinating the planning and construction of digital China, digital economy, and digital society, which is managed by the National Development and Reform Commission.
In the context of increasingly clear policy signals, the establishment of the National Data Bureau echoes the needs of the development of the digital economy, and the data element market space is broad. According to the preliminary estimates of experts from the National Development and Reform Commission, the scale of enterprise data factor expenditure is about 3.3 trillion yuan, and if the data asset evaluation, pledge, financing and other derivative markets are considered, the overall scale may exceed 30 trillion yuan.数字化转型网www.szhzxw.cn
In the process of data element market construction and value release, data exchange is an indispensable part.
Since 2014, batches of data trading platforms, data trading centers, and data exchanges have continued to emerge. The following is the latest data exchange research report of Zero One Think Tank, “Scale, equity, target, model analysis of 44 data exchanges in China”, and the complete version of the report is nearly 10,000 words.
In December 2022, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and The State Council issued the Opinions on Building a Data Basic System to Better Play the Role of Data Elements (hereinafter referred to as the “Data 20”), which initially set up China’s data basic system and played a huge role in promoting the development of data exchanges.数字化转型网www.szhzxw.cn
According to incomplete statistics, as of the end of June 2023, there are 44 data exchanges initiated, dominated or approved by the government across the country, and the trading scale of head data exchanges has reached the level of 100 million to 1 billion yuan, and shows an explosive growth trend.
First, the basic situation: the construction speed has accelerated, and the transaction scale has exploded
In 2014, China’s data exchange construction entered the exploratory stage, and in April of the next year. The country’s first big data exchange – Guiyang Big Data Exchange was officially listed for operation. From 2015 to 2020, nearly 30 data exchanges have emerged in China, ushering in the 1.0 era of data trading.
With the deep integration of digitalization into economic and social development. Entering the fourth quarter of 2021, the preparation and construction of data exchanges set off a new wave of enthusiasm.
From October 2021 to March 2022, 11 trading institutions such as the Northern Big Data Exchange, Shanghai Data Exchange, and Western Data Trading Center began intensive construction, and gradually moved into the trial operation and formal operation stage.数字化转型网www.szhzxw.cn
At present, the number of data exchanges initiated, led or approved by local governments has reached 44 (excluding Hong Kong Big Data Exchange), of which 15 are officially operating, and data trading has entered the 2.0 era.
From the perspective of geographical distribution, the 44 data exchanges are mainly concentrated in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, the Pearl River Delta, the Yangtze River Delta, and the economically developed regions in the central and western regions. Among them, there are four each in Guangdong, Hubei and Shandong, three each in Beijing, Jiangsu and Henan. Two each in Shanghai, Zhejiang and Chongqing, and one each in 16 provincial-level administrative regions, including Sichuan, Anhui and Shaanxi. In particular, Sichuan and Chongqing plan to build a Sichuan-Chongqing big data trading platform.数字化转型网www.szhzxw.cn
In addition to the increase in the number of data exchanges, the business ecosystem within the exchange is becoming more and more perfect. Data products are more abundant, and the transaction scale has also ushered in explosive growth.数字化转型网www.szhzxw.cn
Second, shareholder structure: state-led, listed companies, data service companies diversified holdings
In general, the aforementioned data exchange mainly adopts the equity structure of “state-owned capital + private capital” co-ownership. And the operation mode is “state-owned investment, government guidance, and market-oriented operation”. In this way, we can give full play to the advantages of government policies and resources, ensure the authority of data. And ensure the enthusiasm of market institutions to participate and expand the scope of participants.数字化转型网www.szhzxw.cn
Since 2022, some data exchange equity information has changed. For example, Guiyang Big Data Exchange from the original Guiyang Big Data Industry Co., LTD. Nine Big Data Information Group Co., LTD., Beijing Asiainfo Data Co., Ltd. and other six companies jointly held into Guizhou Yunshang Data Trading Co., Ltd. 100% shareholding; Major shareholder of Shanghai Data Exchange changed from “Shanghai United Investment Co., LTD.” to “Shanghai Data Group Co., LTD.”
With the change of shareholders and the intensification of competition in the data trading market, major exchanges are also intensively increasing capital and enhancing their own strength. For example, in August 2022, Zhengzhou Data Exchange Center introduced more than 20 new shareholders. And the registered capital increased from 3 million yuan to 200 million yuan. At the same time, Fujian Big Data Trading Group, the operator of Fujian Big Data Trading Center, increased its capital to 10 billion yuan.
In addition, the shareholders of many data exchanges are listed companies. For example, Zhejiang Culture (600633.SH) and Anheng Information (688023.SH) hold 48.2% and 46.8% of the shares of Zhejiang Big Data Trading Center, respectively. Broadcasting Express (002152.SZ) holds a 10.5% stake in Guangzhou Data Exchange.数字化转型网www.szhzxw.cn
Third, the trading object: data API, data set, data report, explore new data types
In December 2020, four departments. Including the National Development and Reform Commission and the Cyberspace Administration, issued the “Guiding Opinions on Accelerating the Construction of a National Integrated Big Data Center Collaborative Innovation System”, proposing to improve the new comprehensive big data trading mechanism covering different data development levels such as raw data, desensitized data, modeled data and artificial intelligence data. Four product forms of data trading are identified.数字化转型网www.szhzxw.cn
The types of data that can be traded have gradually expanded from the original financial and Internet fields to medical, meteorological, transportation, logistics, communications, education, humanities, geography, life services and other fields. As data exchanges usher in a new wave of development, new data types and application scenarios are constantly being explored.
For example, in January 2023, Guangzhou Data Exchange launched the country’s first industry data index publishing platform in the field of data trading, covering more than 80 industry data indexes in 10 industries.数字化转型网www.szhzxw.cn
Fourth, trading methods: matchmaking trading and value-added services, new trading methods began to emerge
Based on the specific practice of major data exchanges across the country. Two data trading modes of matchmaking trading and value-added services have been mainly formed at present. With China’s data trading market entering the second wave of development opportunities. As well as the in-depth development of digital technology, new trading models are also gradually emerging in the exploration.
Guiyang Big Data Exchange is a representative of early matching trading, in recent years. It has made a series of adjustments to its own functions and positioning, innovated data bidding business, developed platform data customization services, and gradually embarked on the road of transformation. Since April 2022, Guiyang Big Data Exchange has successively launched the “Meteorological Data Zone”, “Power Data Zone”, “Government data Open zone” and “computing power Resource Zone”.
The exchange supports the trading of diversified products such as data products and services, computing resources and algorithmic tools. And gradually explores the formation of data prices, product pricing and value assessment in this process. In addition, pilot to carry out the identification of data factor enterprises, enterprise procurement data costs into research and development investment, data assets into the corporate balance sheet, explore data asset financing methods and other support policies to attract market players to enter the transaction.数字化转型网www.szhzxw.cn
本文由数字化转型网（www.szhzxw.cn）转载而成，来源于零壹智库 ；编辑/翻译：数字化转型网宁檬树。
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