人工智能已经在重塑我们的工作方式，员工希望对这对他们的未来意味着什么有发言权。
一目了然
- 将人工智能视为一种工具，而不是替代品。
- 探索 AI 护栏以最大限度地减少人员伤亡。
- 工人仍然对自己的未来有发言权。
人工智能一直是 2023 年大规模工人运动的核心。美国编剧协会（WGA）和美国演员工会-美国电视和广播艺术家联合会（SAG-AFTRA）花了几个月的时间在纠察线上争取与在其行业中使用人工智能有关的权利。
美国汽车工人联合会（UAW）一直在推动改革，包括每周工作32小时。人工智能似乎提供的诱人的生产力提升是否有助于在汽车行业及其他领域实现这一目标？
工作与生活的平衡、工资和人们度过工作时间的方式都将受到人工智能的影响。人工智能的光明未来有望为人类腾出时间来处理更有趣的任务并提高生产力。在更黑暗的未来，人工智能可能导致就业不足和失业率飙升，以及人类劳动力贬值。未来的工作将走向何方，员工如何才能在人工智能如何塑造未来方面拥有发言权？ 数字化转型网（www.szhzxw.cn）
一、人工智能对劳动力市场意味着什么
当你听说人工智能和工作时，该技术的支持者经常强调该技术并不意味着要取代人类。它旨在替换任务。它旨在与人类一起工作，使他们在工作中做得更好。然而，已经有报道称人工智能正在导致裁员。
根据人力资源咨询公司Challenger， Gray & Christmas的数据，今年5月，人工智能裁员3900人。投资银行高盛（Goldman Sachs）估计，生成式人工智能可以使3亿个全职工作岗位实现自动化。
当然，大规模的劳动力流离失所浪潮可以通过应对人工智能而涌现的新工作岗位的激增来平衡。但这种平衡会是什么样子，以及它可能发生的时间表很难预测。
“我们可能实际上并不知道人工智能的影响程度，以及它将如何影响工人，”独立的无党派政策研究所美国进步中心（Center for American Progress）经济分析、包容性经济主任罗斯·哈塔尔（Rose Khattar）告诉《信息周刊》。 数字化转型网（www.szhzxw.cn）
人工智能是一次巨大的技术飞跃，但这种巨大的进步并非没有先例。工业革命、汽车的兴起、计算机时代：所有这些技术变革都从根本上改变了人们的工作方式。
“你可以把界限一直追溯到轮子的发明，所有这一切的核心焦点是我们如何通过更快、更好、更便宜地做事来优化时间，”人力资源技术公司 Phenom 全球战略副总裁 Cliff Jurkiewicz 说。
这些重大变化也伴随着对工人更替的恐惧。这种恐惧尚未以灾难性的规模实现。人类已经适应了。
但人工智能与过去的这些技术飞跃之间存在显着差异。“我们在这里看到的是，这种创新的速度可以用几个月到几年来衡量。就其整体影响而言，这肯定不是五年，“Jurkiewicz说。
劳动力市场发生翻天覆地的变化的确切时间表可能难以预测，但涟漪已经显现出来。
二、工人的潜在缺点
对于设计和使用人工智能系统的公司来说，好处是巨大且显而易见的。能够在很短的时间内以一小部分成本完成工作的工具对底线来说是一个福音。 数字化转型网（www.szhzxw.cn）
“该技术的主要受益者是主要位于美国的全球技术巨头，”企业内容管理公司Laserfiche的首席技术官Michael Allen说。他指出，这些公司拥有资源来积累训练人工智能模型所需的大量数据。
采用这些强大的人工智能模型的公司可以利用它们来降低成本。艾伦指出，许多公司可能会使用人工智能来摆脱外包。他说：“许多公司将大部分日常文书工作外包给印度这样的地方，我相信这将受到人工智能的威胁或重大影响，人工智能将能够更快、更便宜地完成这项工作。
人工智能贬低入门级工作的方式已经显现出来。斯蒂芬妮·贝尔（Stephanie Bell）是非营利性联盟“人工智能伙伴关系”（Partnership on AI）的高级研究科学家，该联盟制定了确保共享人工智能经济利益的指导方针。她提供了数字自由职业者市场的例子。自 ChatGPT 问世以来，数据输入、平面设计和入门级编码等工作在 Upwork 和 Fiver 等平台上的列表数量有所下降。“你看市场真的走软了。任务的报酬比以前少了，“她说。“我们可以看到这种情况会蔓延到更正式的企业白领领域。
如果这种影响继续向外蔓延，对工人的潜在损害是显而易见的。“当然，当人们凭借他们所拥有的一系列技能赚取工资的能力较低，或者获得工作的机会较少时，这也削弱了他们的议价能力，从而削弱了他们对工作质量等问题提出要求或要求的能力，”贝尔说。
那么大规模失业的可能性又如何呢？随着人工智能创新的速度，人们是否准备好填补该技术创造的新工作岗位？哈塔尔说：“我不希望看到流离失所可能发生，或者人们在不采取任何行动确保满足这些工人的需求的情况下从事其他质量不高的工作。 数字化转型网（www.szhzxw.cn）
除了失去工作的可能性外，人工智能还会带来安全问题，因为人们与人工智能一起工作。事实证明，自动化对仓库中的人类工人来说是危险的。调查报告中心 2020 年的一份报告发现，与没有机器人的仓库相比，有机器人的亚马逊仓库的受伤率高出 50%。工人被要求保持一系列重复的动作，以跟上机器人的效率和由此产生的生产力目标。这些重复的动作会对人体造成伤害。“你不需要一个流氓的仓库机器人在仓库环境中伤害你，”贝尔说。
随着人工智能将生产力推向新的高度，是否会有护栏来确保这些收益不会产生人力成本？
三、人工智能作为工人的工具
如果赔率似乎对雇主有利，那么人们所要做的就是回顾过去。工人获得了权利：为期两天的周末，40小时的工作，工作场所的安全要求。他们将从人工智能中受益，但这些好处不会简单地被授予。“历史告诉我们，这些变化不是给定的，而是为之奋斗的，”尤尔凯维奇说。
SAG-AFTRA和WGA罢工为更多潜在的工人运动奠定了基础。尤尔凯维奇说，这些罢工的结果可以作为未来关于工人权利的对话的基础。
“他们要求禁止它的特定应用，并以某种方式集成它，然后使他们能够更快、更有效地完成工作，让他们尝试一种新兴的工具，看到他们能够为他们的行业做出贡献的机会，”贝尔补充道。“这些都是非常亲商的观点，而不仅仅是亲工人的观点。 数字化转型网（www.szhzxw.cn）
拜登-哈里斯政府关于人工智能的行政命令强调，随着人工智能改变劳动力市场，需要支持工人及其集体谈判的能力。由60个国家和国际工会组成的美国劳工联合会和工业组织大会（AFL-CIO）对这项行政命令表示赞赏。AFL-CIO总裁Liz Shuler在一份声明中表示：“劳工运动随时准备合作制定全面的战略和可访问的计划，以确保劳动人民从人工智能创新中受益。
贝尔认为，工人的集体力量将尤为重要。单个工人可能能够采用尽可能多的人工智能工具来提高他们的生产力，但孤立地工作可能会对下游产生负面影响。
“随着时间的流逝，这实际上会侵蚀人力资本的所有价值，这些人力资本花在学习所有技能上，这些技能使他们首先成为优秀的平面设计师或软件开发人员。因为现在其他人也可以使用相同的工具，“贝尔说。这些人可能没有相同的技能和经验，但使用人工智能，他们可以与该专家的生产力和产出相匹配。
如果集体工作，员工可以争辩说，他们应该有机会分享人工智能的好处。“这可能会以增加工资的形式出现，他们分享公司和股东的经济收益，”贝尔说。“这可能会以减少工作时间的形式出现，增加工人感兴趣的津贴或福利。 数字化转型网（www.szhzxw.cn）
四、人工智能和工作的未来
如果工人权利获得胜利，那么关于人工智能的斗争可能才刚刚开始。可能会出现抵制和削弱工人组织能力的企图。拜登-哈里斯政府的行政命令明确表示，它旨在支持这一权利，并保护工人免受人工智能的潜在危害。贝尔表示，职业安全与健康管理局（OSHA）等现有机构在保护工人方面可以发挥作用。随着政策制定者更清楚地了解人工智能对工作和整个人类生活的影响，立法是一种明显的可能性。
“我确实认为，我们采取政策制定者的方法非常重要，这样人工智能工具和系统的设计、采用、部署和对工作的影响就不会只留给人工智能的创造者，”哈塔尔说。“我认为这很危险。”
目前，贝尔担心公司被激励追求人工智能而不是人力投资。“你投资一个人工智能系统，这被认为是一项资本投资，你可以获得税收优惠，对吧？随着时间的推移，您可以对该资产进行折旧，并减少您的税收负担，而不是花在人力上执行相同的任务。你必须为每一个为你工作的人缴纳工资税。
但是，公司不一定需要将工人视为成本中心，以便削减甚至消除才能取得成功。公司可以将人视为资产，让他们深入了解人工智能如何改善他们的工作并使整个组织更加成功。“问题是，这是否足以在没有……为工人提供更广泛的保护，“贝尔说。 数字化转型网（www.szhzxw.cn）
虽然仍然很难预测人工智能工作的未来会是什么样子，但即使在短短几年内，它也不必让工人和雇主相互对抗。已经有对双方都有利的工作改革举措的例子。
“我们在每周工作四天或以其他方式减少工作时间的早期实验中看到，在不损失生产力的情况下提高了员工满意度。所以，对我来说，这意味着这对雇主和工人都有好处，“哈塔尔说。
贝尔强调，人工智能不必为公司和工人创造双赢的局面。“企业绝对可以通过多种方式将人工智能技术集成在一起，让员工乐于使用，…… 真正为业务成果带来好处，并使员工和他们的雇主都能分享这些系统创造的收益，“她说。 数字化转型网（www.szhzxw.cn）
英文原文：
How Could AI Be a Tool for Workers?
AI is already reshaping the way we work, and workers want a say in what that means for their future.
At a Glance
- Framing AI as a tool, rather than a replacement.
- Exploring AI guardrails to minimize human toll.
- Workers still have a say in their future.
Artificial intelligence has been at the heart of large-scale worker movements in 2023. The Writers Guild of America (WGA) and the Screen Actors Guild-American Federation of Television and Radio Artists (SAG-AFTRA) spent months on the picket line fighting for rights relating to the use of AI in their industry.
The United Auto Workers (UAW) union has been pushing for reform, including a 32-hour work week. Could the tantalizing productivity gains AI seems to offer be instrumental in achieving that goal in the auto industry and beyond?
Work-life balance, wages and the way people spend their working hours will all be impacted by AI. The bright future of AI promises to free up time for humans to tackle more interesting tasks and boost productivity. In a darker future, AI could lead to spikes in under- and unemployment and the devaluing of human labor. Where is the future of work headed, and how can workers have a voice in how AI is shaping that future? 数字化转型网（www.szhzxw.cn）
1. What AI Means for the Labor Market
When you hear about AI and jobs, proponents of the technology frequently emphasize that the technology is not meant to replace humans. It is meant to replace tasks. It is meant to work alongside humans, to make them better at their jobs. Yet, there are already reports that AI is leading to job cuts.
In May, AI was responsible for cutting 3,900 jobs, according to data from HR consulting firm Challenger, Gray & Christmas. Investment bank Goldman Sachs estimates that generative AI could expose 300 million full-time jobs to automation.
Of course that massive wave of labor displacement could be balanced by a surge of new jobs springing up in response to AI. But what that balance could look like and the timeline in which it could happen are difficult to predict.
“We probably don’t actually know the extent of AI’s impact and exactly how it’s going to affect workers,” Rose Khattar, director of economic analysis, inclusive economy at the Center for American Progress, an independent nonpartisan policy institute, tells InformationWeek.
AI is a massive technological leap, but this type of giant stride forward is not without precedent. The industrial revolution, the rise of the automobile, the computer age: All these technological shifts radically changed the way people work. 数字化转型网（www.szhzxw.cn）
“You can draw the line all the way back to the invention of the wheel, and the core focus of all of that is how do we optimize time by doing things faster, better, hopefully cheaper,” says Cliff Jurkiewicz, vice president, global strategy at HR technology company Phenom.
Those big changes also came with fear of worker replacement. That fear has not yet come to fruition at a catastrophic scale. Humans have adapted.
But there is a significant difference between AI and these past examples of technical leaps. “What we’re seeing here is the speed of this innovation can be measured in months to maybe a couple of years. It’s certainly not even half of a decade in terms of its overall impact,” says Jurkiewicz.
The precise timeline for seismic changes in the labor market may be difficult to predict, but the ripples are already being felt.
2. The Potential Downsides for Workers
The benefits for companies designing and using AI systems are vast and readily apparent. Tools that can complete work in a fraction of the time at a fraction of the cost are a boon for the bottom line.
“The main beneficiaries of the technology are global technology giants primarily based in the United States,” says Michael Allen, CTO of enterprise content management company Laserfiche. He points out that these companies have the resources to accrue the massive amounts of data required to train AI models. 数字化转型网（www.szhzxw.cn）
Companies that adopt these powerful AI models can leverage them to cut costs. Allen points out that many companies will likely use AI to shift away from outsourcing. “A lot of firms outsource mostly routine clerical work to places like India, and I believe that’s going to be threatened or impacted significantly by AI that will be able to do that work faster and cheaper,” he says.
The way that AI devalues entry-level work is already being seen. Stephanie Bell is a senior research scientist at the nonprofit coalition Partnership on AI, which created guidelines to ensure AI economic benefits are shared. She offers examples in the digital freelance market. Since the advent of ChatGPT, the number of listings for jobs like data entry, graphic design and entry-level coding has dropped on platforms like Upwork and Fiver. “You see that market has really softened. There’s just less compensation for tasks than there used to be,” she says. “That is something that we could see spilling over into more formalized corporate white-collar spaces.” 数字化转型网（www.szhzxw.cn）
If this kind of impact continues to spill outward, the potential detriment to workers is clear. “Of course, when people have lower ability to earn a wage with the set of skills that they have, or less of an opportunity to get the job, that also weakens things like their bargaining power and as a result their ability to make requests or demands on things like job quality,” says Bell.
And what about the potential for massive job displacement? With the speed at which AI innovation is taking place, will people be ready to fill the new jobs the technology creates? “I don’t want to see the displacement potentially take place or people moving on to different jobs that aren’t good quality jobs without any action being taken to ensure that those workers’ needs are met,” says Khattar.
In addition to the potential for lost jobs, AI also poses safety concerns as people work alongside it. Automation has already proved dangerous for human workers in warehouses. A 2020 report from The Center for Investigative Reporting found that the rate of injuries was 50% higher at Amazon warehouses with robots compared to ones without. Workers are pushed to maintain a series of repetitive motions to keep pace with the robots’ efficiency and the resultant productivity targets. Those repetitive motions take their toll on the human body. “You don’t need a warehouse robot gone rogue to hurt you in a warehouse setting,” says Bell. 数字化转型网（www.szhzxw.cn）
As AI pushes productivity to new heights, will there be guardrails in place to ensure these gains don’t have a human cost?
3. AI as a Tool for Workers
If the odds seemed stacked in the favor of employers, all one has to do is look to the past. Workers have gained rights: A two-day weekend, a 40-hour work, workplace safety requirements. They stand to benefit from AI, but those benefits won’t simply be granted. “History tells us that’s these changes are not given, they are fought for,” says Jurkiewicz.
The SAG-AFTRA and WGA strikes set the stage for more potential workers’ movements. The outcome of these strikes could be used as the basis for future conversations on workers’ rights, according to Jurkiewicz. 数字化转型网（www.szhzxw.cn）
“They asked for specific applications of it to be off-limits and for it to be integrated in a way then enabled them to do their jobs more quickly, more efficiently, for them to experiment with a new emerging tool, see opportunities where they be able to contribute to their business into their industry,” Bell adds. “Those are all very pro-business perspectives, not just pro-worker perspectives.”
The Biden-Harris Administration’s executive order on AI emphasizes the need to support workers and their ability to collectively bargain as AI changes the labor market. The American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO), a federation of 60 national and international labor unions, applauded the executive order. “The labor movement stands ready to partner in building comprehensive strategies and accessible programs to ensure working people reap the benefits of AI innovation,” Liz Shuler, AFL-CIO president, said in a statement.
The collective power of workers will be especially important, according to Bell. An individual worker may be able to adopt as many AI tools as possible to increase their productivity, but working in isolation may have a negative impact downstream.
“What that can do over time is actually really erode all of the value of the human capital that person has spent learning all of the skills that made them a good graphic designer or software developer in the first place. Because now other people can also use the same tools,” says Bell. Those people may not have the same skills and experience, but using AI, they could match the productivity and output of that single expert. 数字化转型网（www.szhzxw.cn）
If working collectively, workers can argue that they deserve an opportunity to share in the benefits of AI. “That could turn up in the form of increased wages where they’re sharing in the economic gains that go to the company and to shareholders,” says Bell. “That could turn up in the format of decreasing working hours, increasing the kinds of perks or benefits that workers are interested in.”
4. The Future of AI and Work
If workers rights are won, the battle over AI has likely just begun. Pushback and attempts to weaken workers’ ability to organize are likely. The Biden-Harris Administration’s EO made it clear that it aims to support that right and protect workers from the potential harms of AI. Existing agencies, like the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), have a role to play in protecting workers, according to Bell. And legislation is a distinct possibility as policymakers gain a clearer picture of AI’s impact on work and all of human life. 数字化转型网（www.szhzxw.cn）
“I do think that it’s really important that we do take like a policymaker approach to this so that the design, the adoption, the deployment, the impact of AI tools and systems on work aren’t just left to the creators of AI,” says Khattar. “I think that’s quite dangerous.”
Right now, Bell is concerned that companies are incentivized to pursue AI over human investment. “You invest in an AI system and that’s considered to be a capital investment where you get tax advantages, right? You can depreciate that asset over time and reduce your tax burden in doing so versus spending on a human to perform the same task. You have to pay payroll taxes on each person that works for you.”
But companies do not necessarily need to view workers as a cost center to be whittled down or even eliminated in order to be successful. Companies can view people as assets who give insight into the ways in which AI can make their jobs better and make the overall organization more successful. “The question is whether that’s going to be enough to stay competitive without…broader protections in place for workers,” says Bell. 数字化转型网（www.szhzxw.cn）
While it remains difficult to predict just what the future of work with AI will be, even in just a few short years, it does not have to pit workers and employers against one another. There are already examples of work reform initiatives that are beneficial to both parties.
“What we’ve seen in early experiments with a four-day work week or otherwise reduced hours have shown an increase in employee satisfaction without a loss of productivity. So, to me that means that’s good for employers and it’s good for workers,” says Khattar.
Bell emphasizes that AI does not have to create a win-lose situation for companies and for workers. “There are absolutely ways that businesses can and have integrated AI technology in a way that their workers are excited to use, that … really delivers benefits to business outcomes and enables both workers and their employers to share in the gains created by these systems,” she says.
本文由数字化转型网（www.szhzxw.cn）转载而成，来源于INFORMATIONWEEK.COM；编辑/翻译：数字化转型网宁檬树。
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