党的二十大报告提出了“农业强国”，农业要强，不仅体现在生产力的提高，更体现在人工替代的能级和能力上。传统农业靠天吃饭，现代农业以温室为载体逐步提升农业生产效率，但我国是人口大国，现代农业仍然满足不了我国的农村现状。我国的城镇化率虽然已达到65.22%，城镇化人口规模已经是世界第一，但即便达到80%城镇化率，我国依然还有2-3亿人口还是要生活在农村，农业的发展脱离不了“生产关系”，利用人工智能发展精准农业是我国农业发展的重要途径。数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
人工智能在农业领域的研发及应用早已普及，这其中包括在生产环节的耕作、播种和采摘等智能机器人，也有植保方面的智能探测土壤、探测病虫害、气候灾难预警等智能识别系统，更有利用导航系统全自动耕种等机械化作业等。
一、人工智能面临“农业强国”的机遇
乡村振兴更需要人工智能，城市人口相对集中，农村人口相对分散，人工智能替代人工的应用场景和机会也更多更广。数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
人工智能在乡村振兴领域中的应用不仅仅是在农业生产环节的方方面面，还可以是在乡村的文化创新、乡村休闲旅游、乡村生态保护及利用以及都市农业等各个方面。
“农业强国”是农业农村现代化的要求，人工智能在我国乡村振兴的应用还较少，较为常见的就是“无人机”喷洒农药和机器人采摘，我国人工智能技术开发技术已经有一定的发展基础，创业者更需要关注的是应用场景的开发。
党的二十大提出的“农业强国”，为人工智能在乡村振兴领域的应用与发展提供了更多更广的空间。数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
二、人工智能相关技术在农业生产中的应用
大田种植作业工况条件复杂，实现无人化作业难度较大。北美、西欧具备基础但需求不紧迫，日韩处于萌芽阶段，我国正逐步兴起。近期“无人农场”成为新一代未来农场的代名词，各类技术围绕“无人农场”展开，也就是人工智能在农业生产中的应用研发。
人工智能是多种信息技术的集成及其在农业领域的交叉应用，其技术范畴涵盖了传感器等智能感知系统、无人智能装备、仿真专家系统、以及物联网等。
1、智能感知系统数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
智能感知系统包括了传感器、数据分析与建模、图谱技术和遥感技术等。智能传感技术在物联网环境体系中能根据目前农产品种植的特点，对不同作物的环境需求做出相应的感知，通过对其进行智能监测。智能感知系统能够根据多传感器所提供的多源同构或异构信息，经过智能信息处理，可以综合地认知环境和对象的类别与属性，以达到智能感知的目的，从而可按行为准则实现应有的行为决策。
智能感知技术在农业领域可实现生产数据采集、土壤探测、产量预测、病虫害防护、植株成像、果实瑕疵检测、猪脸识别等功能。数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
2、无人智能装备
我国的卫星系统发达，目前已开发出利用卫星技术实施生产耕作的农业无人机、智能收割机、智能播种机和采摘机器人等智能装备。
在农业领域，卫星技术主要以作物、土壤为对象，利用地物的光谱特性，进行作物长势、作物品质、作物病虫害等方面的监测，其主要应用于农作物产量预估，农业资源调查，农业灾害评估等。数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
（1）无人机融合AI技术
将无人机与人工智能AI识别技术深度融合，通过装载的摄像头，可对无人机拍摄的画面进行实时检测，可实现目标检测、目标识别、目标定位、目标追踪等功能。其中，AI智能检测既可以利用前端智能方式实现，也可以通过后端智能实现。后端智能是指将无人机采集的图片及视频资源，传输至视频结构化智能大平台进行统一分析，并输出分析结果，进而方便管理者进行判断与决策。
无人机融合AI技术的结合应用从植保到测绘，农业无人机的应用场景正在不断延伸。如植保无人机具有一键启动、精准作业和自主飞行等能力，真正实现了无人机技术在喷施和播种等环节的有效应用。数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
无人机融合AI技术的应用场景还可以是①野生动物识别/数量统计。利用无人机巡航能力，可以观测重点野生动物生态保护区域、湿地公园等区域的野生动物物种多样性，通过AI深度学习算法对采集的图片、视频数据进行处理分析，实现对野生动物物种的识别以及统计数量等功能；②森林防火监测。基于火焰识别、烟雾识别等AI算法模型，可通过无人机监测森林、山林、自然生态保护区、景区、公园、农田等区域内是否存在消防火灾、秸秆焚烧等火患危险等，一旦发现异常情况，可通过系统发出告警提醒。③湖面/河道/水域/景区垃圾识别。可以通过无人机检测湖面的漂浮物、垃圾等，让湖泊水域的养护管理、景区的环保工作等变得更加“智能化”。
（2）无人车
无人车利用了包括雷达、激光、超声波、GPS、里程计、计算机视觉等多种技术来感知周边环境，通过先进的计算和控制系统，来识别障碍物和各种标识牌，规划合适的路径来控制车辆行驶，在精准植保、农资运输、自动巡田、防疫消杀等领域有广阔的发展空间。例如国内较为知识的极飞公司开发的无人车，拥有多种作业模式和扩展功能，已经可以做到智能精准控制与自主行驶，应用在精准植保、农资运输、自动巡田、高效播撒、防疫消杀等多个领域，能有效提升作业效率，减少人力成本支出。数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
（3）农业机器人
可应用于果园采摘、植保作业、巡查、信息采集、移栽嫁接等方面，越来越多的公司和机构加入到采摘机器人的研发中，但离采摘机器人大规模地投入使用尚存在一定距离。
农产品品类丰富，不同的品类的农产品需要不同作业能力的机器人替代人工，很多农业公司不懂AI技术，人工智能又不懂农业，由此，农业机器人的研发还是需要创界创新。
3、专家系统数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
专家系统(ES)是人工智能最活跃和最广泛的领域之一,专家系统是在某一特定领域中，能够像人类专家一样解决复杂问题的计算机软件系统。它能够有效地运用专家多年积累的经验和专业知识，通过模拟专家的思维过程，解决需要专家才能解决的问题。农业专家系统主要帮助农民提供四方面的功能：
（1）实时远程技术咨询：通过APP为农民提供实时的技术答疑、技术咨询，专家和农民可以通过网络面对面交流。
（2）病虫害远程诊断：提供图片共享、文件共享等功能，农民可以把田间病虫害样本实物图样通过系统传给专家，专家根据实际病症予以诊断并提出解决方案。
（3）疫病远程监控：可以将远程摄像头安装在农作物种植基地、温室大棚等生产第一线，专家通过远程访问可随时查看情况，及时方便的给予技术指导。
（4）远程工作会议：通过各远程站点提供高质量的音视频效果，可用于大面积的远程诊断工作会议和信息发布。
专家系统也是数字经济中的重要商机，不同农产品的种养殖过程通过专家系统形成数据要素，通过不断积累，利用机器学习的方法建立数学模型，为解决农户问题提供精准的指导。
专家系统也可以用于高标准农田中的农田水利设施无人化控制，例如，将农业专家系统与云端数据库结合，通过算法形成低风险决策信息及农业生产中的各类指标及农田水利设施阈值，借助无线通信模块广播到电气设备控制中心，实现对电磁阀、水泵、补光灯及风机的闭环自动控制。数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
４、农业物联网技术
AIoT融合AI技术和IoT技术，可以通过物联网产生、收集来自不同维度的、海量的数据存储于云端、边缘端，再通过大数据分析，以及更高形式的人工智能，实现万物数据化、万物智联化。
（1）采摘控制系统
传统的农业生产主要是根据人工观察与经验来决定农作物采收时间，这种方式往往错过最佳采收时间，降低农产品商品价值，影响企业经济效益，在大型农场或农业园区内设置物联网采收控制系统，可通过设定的采收时间和轮询(依次询问检测器)，自动预报农作物采收期，通过预测，能及时对接市场，提升商品价值，降低劳动消耗成本，提高企业规模化生产管理能力。
（2）加工控制系统数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
国内农产品加工企业大多采用半人工半机器进行农作物和养殖产品加工，加工作业主要靠人工。由于工人加水平良莠不齐，加之加工环境无保障，使得产品品质无保障，且很可能出现微生物污染。设立加工控制系充，可通过对清洗、保鲜、干燥等自动化生产技术的控制，减少人工直接加工，避免人为污染，统一生产加工技术，有效提高生产效率，降低劳动消耗。
（3）收购、流通控制及销售控制系统:
针对农产品产后商品化过程中所涉及的收购、流通、销售等环节的需求以及市场信息获取，构建出收购控到系统、流通控制系统以及销售系统，以获取各环节农产品价格变动以及市场供求等信息。同时实现对农产品各环节的跟踪，确保农产品流通过程中的安全。
区块链溯源系统
可以采用区块链技术加上物联网技术实现农产品的溯源信息服务平台，信息采集覆盖动植物种子采购、播种(养殖)、施肥用药、收获、加工、运输、进入超市等各个环节，形成农产品质量可追溯。
无人化设施栽培
主要应用于果菜、花卉育苗管理、水肥一体化、病虫害防治、采收运输、加工包装等环节。欧美日处于世界领先水平，我国整体水平不高。
欧美日等一些发达国家自动化、智能化生产技术研究与应用方面一直处于世界领先水平，已经实现了环境调控自动化、生产过程无人化、分级包装智能化。在设施栽培中农业生产机器人也应用广泛。日本在设施种植的育苗、嫁接、移栽、采摘、植保、施肥等环节有多种农业生产机器人。以色列、荷兰、德国、英国、澳大利亚、瑞士、法国等国家均有针对本国特色农业生产的机器人研发，采摘机器人均有小规模使用。近年来美国、欧盟、日本、韩国等制定国家战略将工业机器人加快应用于农业领域，农业机器人研发速度明显加快。
我国设施农业机械化率较低，与发达国家相比，除环境调控系统外，设施栽培自动化、智能化装备整体水平不高，还存在一定的差距。我国具有自主知识产权的农业机器人大部分还停留在样机阶段，在精度、效率和可靠性方面和国外相比还存在一定的差距。以嫁接机器人为例，国内研发的产品还需要人机协同作业。数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
无人化设施养殖
主要应用于环境控制、饲喂、挤奶、防疫、废弃物处理等作业环节。发达国家生猪、奶牛、蛋鸡养殖已有规模化应用，我国技术装备研发能力严重滞后。
欧美等发达国家设施养殖机械自动化程度不断提高，信息化、智能化技术应用于畜牧养殖各个环节，已建成多种养殖环境自动监控系统平台，形成了适合不同饲养规模和区域特点的生产模式，特别是生猪、奶牛、蛋鸡养殖的少人化生产已有规模化应用。
5、未来展望
人工智能在乡村振兴中的应用不仅是在农业生产领域，还包括人工智能在乡村休闲旅游中的应用，例如，景区智能导航、自驾游智能讲解系统等。
不仅在农村，我国城市生活中，都市农业对人工智能也有广泛的需求，例如，年轻人喜欢养花，但疏于管理，就可以利用人工智能实现自动浇灌等功能。数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
翻译：
The report of the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China proposed that agriculture should be stronger, which not only reflects in the improvement of productivity, but also reflects in the energy level and ability of artificial substitution. Traditional agriculture depended on the sky and modern agriculture gradually enhanced agricultural production efficiency with the greenhouse as the carrier. But our country is the populous country and modern agriculture still could not meet the present situation of our countryside. Although China’s urbanization rate has reached 65.22%, the scale of urbanization is already the first in the world, but even if the urbanization rate reaches 80%, there are still 200 to 300 million people still living in rural areas. The development of agriculture cannot be separated from “production relations”, and the use of artificial intelligence to develop precision agriculture is an important way of agricultural development in China.数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
The research and development and application of artificial intelligence in the agricultural field has long been popular, including intelligent robots in the production link such as farming, sowing and picking, as well as intelligent identification systems such as soil detection, pest detection and climate disaster warning in the field of plant protection, and automatic farming and other mechanized operations using navigation systems.
First, AI faces the opportunity of “agricultural power”
Rural revitalization is more in need of artificial intelligence, the urban population is relatively concentrated, the rural population is relatively dispersed, and the application scenarios and opportunities for artificial intelligence to replace artificial are more extensive.
The application of artificial intelligence in rural revitalization is not only in all aspects of agricultural production, but also in rural cultural innovation, rural leisure tourism, rural ecological protection and utilization, urban agriculture and other aspects.
“Agricultural power” is the requirement of agricultural and rural modernization. The application of artificial intelligence in rural revitalization in China is still less, and the more common one is “UAV” spraying pesticide and robot picking. The development of Chinese artificial intelligence technology has a certain development foundation, and entrepreneurs need to pay more attention to the development of application scenarios.
The “agricultural power” proposed by the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China has provided more and broader space for the application and development of artificial intelligence in the field of rural revitalization.
Second, the application of AI related technologies in agricultural production数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
It is difficult to realize unmanned operation because of the complex working conditions of field planting. North America and Western Europe have the foundation but need is not urgent, Japan and South Korea are in the embryonic stage, and China is gradually emerging. Recently, “unmanned farm” has become synonymous with the new generation of future farms. All kinds of technologies revolve around “unmanned farm”, which is the application of artificial intelligence in agricultural production research and development.
Artificial intelligence is the integration of various information technologies and their cross-application in the field of agriculture. Its technical scope covers intelligent sensing systems such as sensors, unmanned intelligent equipment, simulation expert systems, and the Internet of Things.
Intelligent perception system数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
Intelligent sensing system includes sensor, data analysis and modeling, mapping technology and remote sensing technology. In the Internet of Things environment system, the intelligent sensor technology can make corresponding perception of the environmental requirements of different crops according to the characteristics of current agricultural products planting, and carry out intelligent monitoring on them. Based on the isomorphic or heterogeneous information provided by multiple sensors, the intelligent sensing system can comprehensively perceive the categories and attributes of the environment and objects through intelligent information processing, so as to achieve the purpose of intelligent sensing, so as to realize the behavioral decision according to the code of conduct.
Intelligent perception technology can achieve production data collection, soil detection, yield prediction, pest protection, plant imaging, fruit blemish detection, pig face recognition and other functions in the agricultural field.
Unmanned intelligent equipment
China has a developed satellite system, and intelligent equipment such as agricultural unmanned aerial vehicle, intelligent harvester, intelligent planter and picking robot have been developed using satellite technology to implement production and farming.
In the field of agriculture, satellite technology mainly takes crops and soil as objects and uses the spectral characteristics of ground objects to monitor crop growth, crop quality, crop diseases and pests. It is mainly used in crop yield prediction, agricultural resources investigation, agricultural disaster assessment, etc.
(1) UAV integrated AI technology
The UAV is deeply integrated with artificial intelligence AI recognition technology, and the mounted camera can carry out real-time detection of the images taken by the UAV, and realize target detection, target recognition, target positioning, target tracking and other functions. Among them, AI intelligent detection can be realized by either front-end intelligence or back-end intelligence. Back-end intelligence refers to the transmission of pictures and video resources collected by UAV to a large intelligent video structure platform for unified analysis and output analysis results, so as to facilitate managers to make judgments and decisions.
From plant protection to surveying and mapping, the application scenarios of agricultural drones are constantly expanding. For example, the plant protection UAV has the capabilities of one-button start-up, precise operation and autonomous flight, which truly realizes the effective application of UAV technology in the links of spraying and seeding.
The application scenario of UAV integrated AI technology can also be
(1) wild animal identification/population statistics. The cruise capability of UAV can be used to observe wildlife species diversity in key wildlife ecological protection areas, wetland parks and other areas, and process and analyze the collected pictures and video data through AI deep learning algorithm, so as to realize the functions of identifying and counting wildlife species.
(2) Forest fire prevention monitoring. Based on AI algorithm models such as flame recognition and smoke recognition, drones can be used to monitor whether there are fire fires, straw burning and other fire hazards in forests, mountain forests, natural ecological reserves, scenic spots, parks, farmland and other areas. Once abnormal conditions are found, alarms can be sent through the system.
(3) Waste identification of lake/river/water area/scenic spot. Drones can be used to detect floating objects and garbage on the lake surface, so that the maintenance and management of lake waters and the environmental protection work of scenic spots become more “intelligent”.
(2) Driverless car
Unmanned vehicles use radar, laser, ultrasonic, GPS, odometer, computer vision and other technologies to sense the surrounding environment. Through advanced computing and control systems, they can identify obstacles and various signs, and plan appropriate paths to control vehicle driving. They have broad development space in precise plant protection, agricultural materials transportation, automatic field patrol, epidemic prevention and killing and other fields. For example, the unmanned vehicle developed by Ji Fei Company, a relatively knowledgeable company in China, has a variety of operation modes and expanded functions, which has been able to achieve intelligent and precise control and autonomous driving. It has been applied in many fields such as precise plant protection, agricultural materials transportation, automatic field patrol, efficient seeding, epidemic prevention and killing, etc., which can effectively improve operational efficiency and reduce labor costs.
(3) Agricultural robots
It can be used in orchard picking, plant protection operation, inspection, information collection, transplantation and grafting, etc. More and more companies and institutions have joined in the research and development of picking robots, but there is still a certain distance from the large-scale use of picking robots.
There are various types of agricultural products, and different types of agricultural products need robots with different operating abilities to replace artificial labor. Many agricultural companies do not know AI technology, and artificial intelligence does not know agriculture. Therefore, the research and development of agricultural robots still needs innovation.
Expert system数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
Expert system (ES) is one of the most active and extensive fields of artificial intelligence. Expert system is a computer software system that can solve complex problems like human experts in a certain field. It can effectively use the experience and expertise accumulated by experts for many years. And solve problems that require experts to solve by simulating the thinking process of experts. Agricultural expert system mainly helps farmers to provide four functions:
(1) Real-time remote technical consultation: Provide farmers with real-time technical questions and advice through the APP. Experts and farmers can communicate face-to-face through the Internet.
(2) Remote diagnosis of diseases and pests: Provide functions such as picture sharing and file sharing, and farmers can send the physical pattern of field diseases and pests samples to experts through the system, who can diagnose the actual diseases and propose solutions.
(3) Remote disease monitoring: remote cameras can be installed in crop planting bases, greenhouses and other production lines. And experts can check the situation at any time through remote access and give timely and convenient technical guidance.
(4) Remote work conference: high-quality audio and video effects are provided through various remote sites. Which can be used for large-scale remote diagnosis work conference and information release.
Expert system is also an important business opportunity in the digital economy.
Data elements are formed in the breeding process of different agricultural products through the expert system. And mathematical models are established by machine learning method through continuous accumulation to provide accurate guidance for solving farmers’ problems.
The expert system can also be used for unmanned control of irrigation and water conservancy facilities in high-standard farmland. For example, the agricultural expert system can be combined with cloud database to form low-risk decision-making information. Various indicators in agricultural production and thresholds of irrigation and water conservancy facilities through algorithms. And broadcast to the electrical equipment control center through wireless communication modules. Realize the closed-loop automatic control of solenoid valve, water pump, fill light and fan.
Agricultural Internet of Things technology
AIoT integrates AI technology and IoT technology. Which can generate and collect massive data from different dimensions through the Internet of Things and store it in the cloud and edge end. Then, through big data analysis and higher forms of artificial intelligence, everything is digitized and intelligent.
(1) Picking control system
Traditional agricultural production is mainly based on manual observation and experience to determine the harvest time of crops. Which often misses the best harvest time, reduces the value of agricultural products and commodities, and affects the economic benefits of enterprises. In large farms or agricultural parks, the Internet of Things harvest control system can be set up through the set harvest time and polling (asking the detector in turn). Automatic forecast of crop harvest date can connect with the market in time, improve commodity value. Reduce labor cost, and improve enterprises’ capacity of large-scale production management.
(2) Processing control system
Domestic agricultural products processing enterprises mostly use semi-manual and semi-machine processing of crops and aquaculture products, processing operations mainly rely on manual. Due to the uneven level of workers plus good and bad, coupled with the processing environment is not guaranteed. So that the product quality is not guaranteed, and is likely to appear microbial pollution. The establishment of processing control system can reduce direct manual processing and avoid man-made pollution through the control of automatic production technology such as cleaning, fresh-keeping and drying, and unify production and processing technology to effectively improve production efficiency and reduce labor consumption.数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
(3) Acquisition, circulation control and sales control system:
In view of the demands of acquisition, circulation and sales involved in the post-production commercialization of agricultural products and the acquisition of market information, the acquisition control to system, circulation control system and sales system are constructed to obtain the information of price changes and market supply and demand of agricultural products in each link. At the same time to achieve the tracking of agricultural products each link, to ensure the safety of agricultural products in the process of circulation.
Blockchain traceability system
Blockchain technology and the Internet of Things technology can be adopted to realize the traceability information service platform of agricultural products. Information collection covers all aspects of plant and animal seed procurement, sowing (breeding), fertilization and medication, harvest, processing, transportation, entering supermarkets and so on. So as to form the traceability of agricultural products’ quality.
Cultivation in unmanned facilities
Mainly used in vegetable, flower seedling management, integration of water and fertilizer, pest control, harvesting and transportation, processing and packaging and other links. Europe, America and Japan are leading the world level, our overall level is not high.
Some developed countries such as Europe, America and Japan have been leading the world in the research and application of automatic and intelligent production technology. They have realized the automation of environmental control, the unmanned production process and the intelligent hierarchical packaging. Agricultural robots are also widely used in facility cultivation. Japan has a variety of agricultural production robots in the links of seedling rearing, grafting, transplanting, picking, plant protection, fertilization and so on. Israel, the Netherlands, Germany, the United Kingdom, Australia, Switzerland, France and other countries have for their own characteristics of agricultural production of robot research and development, picking machines are used on a small scale. In recent years, the United States, the European Union, Japan, South Korea and other countries have formulated national strategies to accelerate the application of industrial robots in the agricultural field. And the speed of agricultural robot research and development has accelerated significantly.
The mechanization rate of facility agriculture is low, compared with developed countries. Besides environmental control system. The automation and intelligent equipment of facility cultivation is not high, and there is a certain gap. Most of Chinese agricultural robots with independent intellectual property rights are still at the stage of prototype. There is still a certain gap in accuracy, efficiency and reliability compared with foreign countries. Taking grafting robot as an example, the products developed in China also need man-machine collaboration.数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
Unmanned facility farming
Mainly used in environmental control, feeding, milking, epidemic prevention, waste treatment and other operations. The scale breeding of live pigs, dairy cow and egg chickens has already been applied in developed countries. And our country’s research and development capability of technology equipment lags seriously.
In developed countries such as Europe and the United States. The degree of automation of facility breeding machinery is constantly improving. And information and intelligent technologies have been applied to all aspects of animal husbandry. Various automatic monitoring system platforms for breeding environment have been built. And production modes suitable for different feeding scales and regional characteristics have been formed. In particular, less-human production of pig, dairy cow and laying hen breeding has been applied on a large scale.
Future Outlook
The application of artificial intelligence in rural revitalization is not only in the field of agricultural production. But also in the application of artificial intelligence in rural leisure tourism. Such as intelligent navigation in scenic spots, intelligent explanation system for self-driving Tours, etc.数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
Not only in rural areas, Chinese urban life, urban agriculture also has a broad demand for artificial intelligence. For example, young people like to grow flowers, but neglect management, artificial intelligence can be used to realize automatic watering and other functions.
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