当前，数字化和智能化是制造业高质量发展的主要趋势，其实质在于将生产制造全过程产生的各种数据利用起来，使其成为新的生产要素，辅助运营决策，衍生新的服务模式和商业模式。作为我国企业中数量占比最大的群体，中小企业的数字化信息化改造与我国制造业的高质量发展密不可分。工业软件作为企业信息流的载体，可起到数据采集、数据存储、数据计算、数据管理的重要作用。
通过部署工业软件，中小企业可以全面提升自身以及产业链整体的竞争力。然而，相当一部分中小企业的信息化水平仍处在较低层次。面对品类繁多、功能精细的工业软件，不少企业出现了“不想选”“不会选”“不敢选”的难题。如何指导中小型制造企业顺利实施工业软件选型，已成为一项亟待解决的问题。
一、工业软件的分类
工业软件的定义是指应用在工业领域内，提高企业的研发能力、生产效率、运营能力、装备性能的软件。按照其在生产制造过程中发挥效用的环节，工业软件可分为研发设计类、生产制造类、经营管理类、运维服务类４种类型。
1. 研发设计类
研发设计类工业软件包括计算机辅助设计（CAD）、计算机辅助工程（CAE）、计算机辅助工艺规划（CAPP）、计算机辅助制造（CAM）、产品全生命周期管理（PLM）等：CAD的功能是以计算机及显示器代替纸质绘图工具，辅助设计人员进行设计工作，输出几何实体建模、三维图形、工程图纸等；CAE是对产品的外形和物理性能进行仿真分析和优化设计的工业软件，可根据计算结果修改几何实体模型，设计出符合性能和经济性要求的最优化产品；CAPP用于工艺设计，其功能包括工艺方案设计、工艺路线制订、工艺规程设计、工艺定额编制等。通过与制造执行系统集成可实现标准作业程序下发和工艺参数优化；CAM用于创建零件制造的数控设备代码，可根据加工路径以及工装设备完成产品生产制造所需的工艺设计、NC编程、机器人编程等工作并实施生产；PLM用于管理产品从需求、设计、工艺、生产、维护到淘汰报废的全部数据，通过集成与产品相关的人力资源、流程、应用系统和信息，PLM可支持产品全生命周期的信息创建、管理、分发和应用。 数字化转型网（www.szhzxw.cn）
2. 生产制造类
生产制造类工业软件包括分布式控制系统（DCS）、数据采集与监视控制系统（SCADA）、制造执行系统（MES）、高级生产计划与排期（APS）、质量管理系统（QMS）等：DCS是由过程控制级和过程监控级组成的仪表控制系统，可实现对工业生产过程的分布式控制，提高生产效率、降低能耗、保证产品质量，确保生产过程的安全可靠；SCADA是以计算机为中心，通过分散的控制点对生产过程进行追踪监视的控制系统，主要功能是监控、预警、调度和控制；MES是面向制造企业车间执行层的生产信息化管理系统，负责承接企业资源计划系统下达的生产计划，根据制造工艺和设备状况进行科学排产，支持生产追溯、质量信息管理、生产报工、设备数据采集等功能；APS的功能是基于物料清单、工艺规划、实际工时和设备产能等约束条件，根据生产计划和优先级进行自动计划和排程，能够显著提升设备稼动率和生产效率；QMS是对企业内部质量相关流程及数据进行管理的软件系统，应用于产品全生命周期，涵盖研发质量、供应商质量、制造过程质量、售后质量、体系审核、纠正预防管理等全流程质量管理活动。
3. 经营管理类
经营管理类工业软件包括企业资源计划（ERP）、设备管理系统（EMS）、供应链管理（SCM）、仓库管理系统（WMS）、供应商关系管理（SRM）等：ERP用于管控企业的产、供、销、人、财、物等资源，其功能是基于制造BOM、库存、设备产能、采购提前期、生产提前期等因素，来准确地安排生产和采购计划，实现及时采购、及时生产、按时交货，降低库存和资金占用；EMS用于管理生产设备从档案、安装、维护到设备保养、使用记录、调度的多维度状况，其核心功能包括设备管理、故障报修、设备维保、备件管理、预警体系、智慧报表、维保知识库等；SCM系统管理企业从原材料采购到产品交付的整个供应链流程，实现供应链的可视化、协同和优化，其功能包括供应商管理、物流管理、库存管理、订单管理等；ＷＭＳ用于管理产品的入库、出库、库存调拨等各项业务，实现产品批次整理、库存盘点、质检的一体化管理，确保库存的准确性和可靠性；SRM系统将采购管理与供应商管理、价格协同管理、合同管理、库存管理及财务管理等业务模块深度融合，能够优化管理、降低成本、提升企业整体供应链竞争力。
4. 运维服务类
运维服务类工业软件包括在产品服务和客户服务过程中用到的软件，主要包括客户关系管理系统（CRM）。CRM是实现客户信息收集、管理、分析和利用的信息系统。以客户数据的管理为核心，记录企业在市场营销和销售过程中和客户发生的各种交互行为以及各类有关活动的状态，提供各类数据模型，为后期的分析和决策提供支持。CRM的功能一般包括客户管理、营销管理、销售管理、客户服务等。
二、中小型制造企业的特征
中小企业是我国企业的重要组成部分。根据工业和信息化部公布的数据，在我国现有4000多万家企业中，95％以上是中小企业，数量上占比最大。这些中小企业在规模、活动、基础上均存在区别，影响工业软件的选型依据。 数字化转型网（www.szhzxw.cn）
1. 规模特征
企业的规模和体量直接决定了其在技术改造环节的投入总额，不同规模企业每年在工业软件上的投入呈现出显著差异。大型企业在1000万～5000万元左右，中型企业在100万～500万元左右，小微型企业投入金额在100万元左右。资金欠缺和成本过高是制约中小企业推广应用工业软件的重要原因，工业软件的推广应用包括软件购买、软件维护以及员工专业培训等。此外，中小企业的生产经营不具备规模效应，导致工业软件的投入产出比远远不及大型企业，影响了中小企业应用工业软件的意愿。
2. 活动特征
受限于发展阶段、知识储备、战略规划等问题，中小企业普遍对信息化和数字化的认知不足，对工业软件选型的依据和方法了解较少。此外，不同类型的中小型制造业企业对工业软件的认知和需求程度存在差异。这种差异来自企业的所在区域、产业类型、发展阶段、供应链水平等多种要素，导致中小企业的工业软件部署步骤没有统一的路径，只能按需规划，一企一策，无形中加大了企业选取工业软件的困难。
3. 数字化基础特征
部分中小企业受资金和技术的限制，数字化基础薄弱，信息化水平多停留在文字处理、财务管理等办公系统自动化及人力资源管理阶段，在制造工序数据化、数据采集、数据分析、数据流通和数据应用等方面存在技术短板，抑制了工业软件使用需求。由于长期使用线下的流程化管理，企业员工对既往的工作形式产生了惯性，往往会拒绝或较少使用后续部署的工业软件，拖慢信息化、数字化的进程。
三、选型建议
根据上述分析，中小型制造业企业的规模、活动、数字化基础存在差异，对信息化和工业软件选型的认识存在不足。应当按照其所属行业、资金压力、发展痛点难点等具体情况拟定工业软件部署方案。
1. 按照行业选型
制造企业可大致分为离散型行业和流程型行业２种类型。离散型中小企业应当重点关注核心生产环节，选择适合提升局部效能的工业软件。如对市场反应快捷性有要求的企业，可部署CAD、CAE提升设计效率，降低重复工作；对生产批次颗粒度有要求的企业，可部署APS提高排产的灵活性，实现小批量定制；对于产品质量和良品率有严格要求的企业，可部署QMS，分析质量数据以改进工艺。流程型中小企业应当重点关注生产全流程，选择可提高整体协作效率的工业软件，如生产工艺繁多，在批次之间需不断更改生产参数的企业，可部署CAPP，形成工艺参数库，降低工艺重复设计，提高换产时的效率；环节冗长设备多，生产难以监控的企业可考虑部署SCADA和DCS，构建生产全过程设备的工控网，细化管理，降低事故发生率。 数字化转型网（www.szhzxw.cn）
2. 按照成本选型
中小企业用于技术改造的资金有限，选择工业软件必定要考虑其成本问题。而工业软件产品的价格高低与其标准化程度密切相关。如CAD、CAE等研发设计类产品具有较高的标准化程度，世界范围内也已形成若干稳定的大型厂商和成熟的生态圈，这类软件的收益／成本比一般较高。MES、APS等生产制造类产品需要根据企业的生产实际进行修改，其个性化特征明显，难以形成通用的版本，购买这类产品的收益／成本比相对较低。中小型制造业企业制定信息化改造路线时，应当遵循先标准化、后个性化的路径，使资金的使用达到最佳效益。 数字化转型网（www.szhzxw.cn）
3. 按照痛点选型
企业的生产过程不同导致其面临的痛点不同。部分企业渴望加强对生产过程的控制，这类企业可部署MES，打通企业计划层和生产车间设备之间的间隔；部分企业的信息传递仍依靠纸质载体，严重影响管理效率，可考虑部署ERP，整合各个部门的管理流和信息流，实现精确化管理。对于仓储成本占比较大的企业，可部署WMS，降低库存损耗，优化出入库方案；对于客户数量多，市场渠道为关键要素的企业，可部署CRM，强化客户管理，提高响应速度；对于重资产企业，生产设备在固定资产中的占比较高，可部署EMS优化设备管理，及时发现设备故障和工装损耗，降低设备折旧速度。
四、结语
综上所述，中小型制造业企业由于自身的规模和发展阶段，在实施技术改造时天然具有资金投入不足、技术认知不够、信息基础薄弱等缺点，应充分考虑自身特点，按需进行软件选型，以资金投入产出比最大化作为购置工业软件的标准。此外，软件厂商的特征也应当纳入工业软件选型的参考要点。企业选定软件类型后，还需根据厂商实力、本地化服务能力、供应商重视程度、顾问能力、产品成熟度、产品功能与企业需求的匹配度、同行业实施情况等几项原则对工业软件厂商进行评估，确保购买、部署、培训、维护、升级等环节的可靠性，保障技改的顺利推进。 数字化转型网（www.szhzxw.cn）
翻译：
Industrial software selection method for small and medium-sized manufacturing enterprises
At present, digitalization and intelligence is the main trend of high-quality development of manufacturing industry, its essence is to use all kinds of data generated in the whole process of production, make it a new factor of production, assist operational decisions, and derive new service models and business models. As the largest number of enterprises in China, the digital information transformation of small and medium-sized enterprises is closely related to the high-quality development of China’s manufacturing industry. As the carrier of enterprise information flow, industrial software can play an important role in data collection, data storage, data calculation and data management.
Through the deployment of industrial software, smes can comprehensively enhance their own competitiveness and the overall industry chain. However, the informatization level of quite a few small and medium-sized enterprises is still at a low level. In the face of a wide range of industrial software with fine functions, many enterprises have the problem of “do not want to choose”, “will not choose” and “dare not choose”. How to guide small and medium-sized manufacturing enterprises to implement industrial software selection smoothly has become an urgent problem to be solved.
First, classification of industrial software
The definition of industrial software refers to the software applied in the industrial field to improve the research and development capability, production efficiency, operation capability and equipment performance of enterprises. According to its effective links in the production and manufacturing process, industrial software can be divided into four types: research and development, production and manufacturing, management and operation and maintenance services.
1. Research and development design
R&d and design industry software includes computer-aided design (CAD), computer-aided engineering (CAE), computer-aided process planning (CAPP), computer-aided manufacturing (CAM), product lifecycle management (PLM), etc. : The function of CAD is to replace paper drawing tools with computers and monitors, assist designers in design work, output geometric entity modeling, three-dimensional graphics, engineering drawings, etc. CAE is an industrial software that simulates and optimizes the shape and physical properties of products. It can modify the geometric entity model according to the calculation results and design the optimized products that meet the performance and economic requirements. CAPP is used for process design, and its functions include process scheme design, process route formulation, process specification design, process quota formulation, etc. Standard operating procedures can be issued and process parameters can be optimized through integration with manufacturing execution system. CAM is used to create CNC equipment code for parts manufacturing, which can complete process design, NC programming, robot programming and other work required for product manufacturing according to the processing path and tooling equipment, and implement production. PLM is used to manage all data of products from requirements, design, process, production, maintenance to retirement. By integrating human resources, processes, application systems and information related to products, PLM can support the creation, management, distribution and application of information throughout the product life cycle. 数字化转型网（www.szhzxw.cn）
2. Manufacturing class
Manufacturing industry software includes distributed control system (DCS), Data acquisition and Monitoring control System (SCADA), Manufacturing execution system (MES), advanced production planning and scheduling (APS), quality management system (QMS), etc. DCS is an instrument control system composed of process control level and process monitoring level, which can realize distributed control of industrial production process, improve production efficiency, reduce energy consumption, ensure product quality, and ensure the safety and reliability of the production process. SCADA is a computer-centered control system that tracks and monitors the production process through decentralized control points. Its main functions are monitoring, early warning, scheduling and control. MES is a production information management system for the workshop execution level of manufacturing enterprises, responsible for undertaking the production plan issued by the enterprise resource planning system, scientifically scheduling production according to the manufacturing process and equipment status, supporting production traceability, quality information management, production reporting, equipment data collection and other functions; The function of APS is to automatically plan and schedule according to production plan and priority based on constraints such as bill of materials, process planning, actual working hours and equipment capacity, which can significantly improve equipment operation rate and production efficiency. QMS is a software system for the management of internal quality-related processes and data. It is applied to the whole product life cycle, covering R&D quality, supplier quality, manufacturing process quality, after-sales quality, system audit, correction and prevention management and other whole-process quality management activities.
3. Business management
Business management industry software includes enterprise resource planning (ERP), equipment management system (EMS), supply chain management (SCM), warehouse management system (WMS), supplier Relationship management (SRM), etc. ERP is used to control the production, supply, sales, human, financial, material and other resources of an enterprise. Its function is to accurately arrange production and procurement plans based on factors such as manufacturing BOM, inventory, equipment capacity, procurement lead time, production lead time, etc., to achieve timely procurement, timely production, on-time delivery, and reduce inventory and capital occupation. EMS is used to manage the multi-dimensional status of production equipment from archives, installation and maintenance to equipment maintenance, usage records and scheduling. Its core functions include equipment management, fault repair, equipment maintenance, spare parts management, early warning system, intelligent reports, maintenance knowledge base, etc. SCM system manages the entire supply chain process from raw material procurement to product delivery, and realizes the visualization, coordination and optimization of the supply chain. Its functions include supplier management, logistics management, inventory management, order management, etc. WMS is used to manage product warehousing, warehousing, inventory transfer and other business, to realize the integrated management of product batch sorting, inventory counting, quality inspection, to ensure the accuracy and reliability of inventory; The SRM system deeply integrates procurement management with supplier management, price coordination management, contract management, inventory management and financial management, which can optimize management, reduce costs and enhance the competitiveness of the enterprise’s overall supply chain. 数字化转型网（www.szhzxw.cn）
4. O&m services
Operation and maintenance service industrial software includes software used in product service and customer service processes, mainly including customer relationship management systems (CRM). CRM is an information system to collect, manage, analyze and utilize customer information. With the management of customer data as the core, it records the various interaction behaviors and the status of various related activities between enterprises and customers in the process of marketing and sales, provides various data models, and provides support for later analysis and decision-making. The functions of CRM generally include customer management, marketing management, sales management, customer service and so on. 数字化转型网（www.szhzxw.cn）
Second, the characteristics of small and medium-sized manufacturing enterprises
Small and medium-sized enterprises are an important part of Chinese enterprises. According to the data released by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, more than 95% of the existing more than 40 million enterprises in China are small and medium-sized enterprises, accounting for the largest proportion in number. These small and medium-sized enterprises have differences in scale, activities and basis, which affect the selection basis of industrial software.
1. Scale characteristics
The scale and volume of an enterprise directly determine its total investment in technological transformation, and the annual investment in industrial software of enterprises of different sizes shows significant differences. Large enterprises are about 10 million to 50 million yuan, medium-sized enterprises are about 1 million to 5 million yuan, and small and micro enterprises invest about 1 million yuan. Lack of funds and high cost are important reasons that restrict the promotion and application of industrial software in small and medium-sized enterprises. The promotion and application of industrial software includes software purchase, software maintenance and staff professional training. In addition, the production and operation of small and medium-sized enterprises do not have scale effects, resulting in the input-output ratio of industrial software is far less than that of large enterprises, affecting the willingness of small and medium-sized enterprises to apply industrial software.
2. Activity characteristics
Limited by the development stage, knowledge reserve, strategic planning and other issues, small and medium-sized enterprises generally lack the cognition of informatization and digitalization, and have little understanding of the basis and method of industrial software selection. In addition, different types of small and medium-sized manufacturing enterprises have different levels of cognition and demand for industrial software. This difference comes from the region of the enterprise, the type of industry, the stage of development, the level of the supply chain and other factors, resulting in the industrial software deployment steps of small and medium-sized enterprises have no unified path, can only be planned according to demand, one enterprise one strategy, virtually increasing the difficulty of enterprises to choose industrial software. 数字化转型网（www.szhzxw.cn）
3. Basic features of digitalization
Limited by capital and technology, some small and medium-sized enterprises have a weak digital foundation, and the informatization level mostly stays in the automation stage of office systems such as word processing and financial management and human resource management. There are technical shortcomings in manufacturing process datatization, data collection, data analysis, data circulation and data application, which inhibits the use of industrial software. Due to the long-term use of offline process management, enterprise employees have inertia to the past form of work, often refuse or less use of subsequent deployment of industrial software, slowing down the process of informatization and digitalization.
Third, selection suggestions
According to the above analysis, there are differences in the scale, activities and digital foundation of small and medium-sized manufacturing enterprises, and their understanding of informatization and industrial software selection is insufficient. The industrial software deployment plan should be formulated according to the specific situation of its industry, financial pressure, development pain points and difficulties. 数字化转型网（www.szhzxw.cn）
1. Selection according to industry
Manufacturing enterprises can be roughly divided into two types: discrete industry and process industry. Discrete small and medium-sized enterprises should focus on the core production links and choose industrial software suitable for improving local efficiency. For enterprises that require rapid market response, CAD and CAE can be deployed to improve design efficiency and reduce repetitive work. For enterprises that require granularity of production batches, APS can be deployed to improve the flexibility of production scheduling and achieve small-batch customization. For companies with strict requirements for product quality and yield, QMS can be deployed to analyze quality data to improve processes. Process-based smes should focus on the whole production process and choose industrial software that can improve the overall efficiency of collaboration. For enterprises with a wide range of production processes and need to constantly change production parameters between batches, CAPP can be deployed to form a process parameter library, reduce process repetitive design, and improve the efficiency of production change. Enterprises with long links and many equipment and difficult to monitor production can consider deploying SCADA and DCS to build an industrial control network of the whole process of production equipment, detailed management, and reduce the incidence of accidents.
2. Select according to cost
Small and medium-sized enterprises have limited funds for technological transformation, and the choice of industrial software must consider its cost. The price of industrial software products is closely related to its degree of standardization. For example, CAD, CAE and other R & D design products have a high degree of standardization, and a number of stable large-scale manufacturers and mature ecosystems have been formed worldwide, and the benefit/cost ratio of such software is generally higher. MES, APS and other manufacturing products need to be modified according to the actual production of the enterprise, its personalized characteristics are obvious, it is difficult to form a universal version, and the benefit/cost ratio of purchasing such products is relatively low. When small and medium-sized manufacturing enterprises develop information transformation routes, they should follow the path of standardization and individuation first, so that the use of funds can achieve the best benefit.
3. Select according to pain points
Different production processes of enterprises lead to different pain points. Some enterprises are eager to strengthen the control of the production process, such enterprises can deploy MES, open up the gap between the enterprise planning layer and the production workshop equipment; Some enterprises still rely on paper carriers for information transmission, which seriously affects management efficiency. ERP can be considered to integrate the management flow and information flow of various departments to achieve accurate management. For enterprises with large warehousing costs, WMS can be deployed to reduce inventory losses and optimize input and export plans. For enterprises with a large number of customers and market channels as key elements, CRM can be deployed to strengthen customer management and improve response speed. For asset-heavy enterprises, where production equipment accounts for a relatively high proportion of fixed assets, EMS can be deployed to optimize equipment management, timely detection of equipment failures and tooling losses, and reduce equipment depreciation speed. 数字化转型网（www.szhzxw.cn）
Conclusion
To sum up, due to their own scale and development stage, small and medium-sized manufacturing enterprises naturally have shortcomings such as insufficient capital investment, insufficient technical cognition and weak information foundation when implementing technological transformation. Therefore, they should fully consider their own characteristics, select software according to demand, and take maximizing the ratio of capital input to output as the standard for purchasing industrial software. In addition, the characteristics of software manufacturers should also be included in the reference points of industrial software selection. After the enterprise selects the software type, it also needs to evaluate the industrial software manufacturers according to several principles, such as the strength of the manufacturer, the localization service ability, the degree of supplier attention, the consulting ability, the product maturity, the matching degree of product functions and the needs of the enterprise, and the implementation of the same industry, to ensure the reliability of the purchase, deployment, training, maintenance, upgrading and other links, and to ensure the smooth advancement of technological reform.
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