关于企业信息化相关的基础设施和应用软件的国产化替代以及信创是近几年行业发展的主要热点之一，特别是在今年9月底又得到了进一步的强化和关注。国产化替代从大背景和内外环境，到政策指引和行业及生态发展，再到具体的技术路线和产品实现及交付，……，有非常非常多的内容，近期也有比较多的朋友来交流这些内容。本次先简单谈几个企业信息化中最直接的，也是交流比较多的关注点。
在此前的一些企业应用系统的国产替代项目上，企业主要是把包括ERP、财务、人力等应用系统替代为国产系统，往往没有更多涉及基础设施部分，例如服务器、操作系统、数据库等，而现在国产化替代的要求，原则上是从CPU和操作系统这一层开始的（即计算底座，同时国产的CPU意味着肯定是国产的服务器），那么现在典型的（符合要求的）国产化是自底向上从CPU开始到顶层应用软件的全套国产化（也包括中间件、数据库等）。
因为现在大部分国产厂商的软件产品是在国外计算体系（例如Wintel）上开发和使用的，要运行在国产计算底座上就需要适配，比如修改代码和更换某些组件，使软件可以运行在国产的操作系统上，可以使用国产的数据库，并且运行的速度符合需求。有些国产软件厂商会主动对接主流的国产计算底座，实现产品层面的适配；对没有主动适配过的，就需要在信息化建设项目上完成项目层面的适配，适配通常会需要一定的时间，过程中也会解决一系列技术问题，那么在软件选型和项目计划方面要考虑适配对项目可能产生影响的一些因素。
现在较多的厂商会做产品间的兼容互认并双方出具兼容互认证书，即通过适配相关工作两个产品实现了兼容，例如一种国产软件可以运行在一种国产操作系统上，例如一种软件可以使用一种国产数据库，……。需要说明的是，兼容互认在很多时候完成的可能是最基本的适配，做到了A可以在B上运行，不报错，功能可以打开，互认时可能不一定会通过较多的数据完成性能方面的充分验证，于是，可以运行不能等同于很好的运行，所以在一些要求较高的项目上，需要对适配予以更多的关注，使软件达到预期的运行效果。
同时，因为国产的部分领域仍然处于快速发展中，产品体系较多，例如有多种计算架构（ARM、X86）、多种操作系统（麒麟、统信、……）、多种数据库（达梦、金仓、GaussDB、OceanBase、……），……，应用系统有时适配的是其中部分组合，此前的适配和成功案例是很好的基础，但在新的组合条件下可能还是会有较多的适配工作量（有时一些产品的小版本升级都可能需要部分适配工作）。好在经过多年的努力和发展，完成充分适配或者调优的多数国产软件，是可以良好运行于国产计算底座之上的。
在具体的替代工作中，企业相应的工作方向主要有两种，第一种是目前在用的应用软件是国产的，但计算底座不是国产的，那么也有两种思路，首先可以考虑正在用的软件适配国产计算底座，其次就是把软件升级到最新版并且完成国产计算底座的适配。因为对已用多年的老版本软件做国产化适配往往可操作性偏低（软件原厂不一定对老版本支持，并且适配存在一定复杂度、工作量和成本），所以国产化替代的项目可能会是一个软件升级项目，对自建系统的企业，需要采购国产的服务器、数据库及相关，协调软件原厂做适配（新版本不一定已完成产品化的适配，需要在项目层面适配）或者采购已完成适配的软件。如果是软件的大版本升级，工作内容和工作量常常与全新上一套系统相差无几，在多系统集成应用的情况下，接口往往都需要重新开发，于是，因国产替代而启动的项目往往就是大而全的典型信息化建设项目了。
另外一种工作方向是，因为企业的应用软件不是国产的，相应的计算底座也不是国产的，那么就需要把计算底座和应用软件都替换为国产的，即最彻底的替换。此时，计算底座的选型和建设依然是重点，但更重要的是对应用系统的选型和建设。因为国外软件在较长的一个阶段中价格都比较贵，需要较大的资金投入，所以此前选择国外软件的一般都是有规模的企业，这类有规模的企业往往业务体量庞大和模式繁多，业务过程复杂且交易量大，组织机构和管理方式多样且自成体系，人员和用户数量多，建设的各种应用系统也多并且集成复杂，相应的数据量也非常大，由此，大型企业的集团级应用在规划和选型方面所要考虑的内容就比较多了。
先简单说一下规划，如果是有规模的集团型企业，因为彻底的国产化替代中涉及很多复杂的基础设施建设和应用适配及重构的工作，那么在集团层面统一建设应用系统是比较好的一种选择，即因为集团一体化、或者加强管控、或者向全集团赋能、或者数字化转型等原因，由集团总部规划和推进，以合理的方式进行投资，统一建设面向全集团服务的应用系统，典型的如财务管理一体化、人力资源管理一体化、共享服务中心建设等项目，此前和现在就有较多的央企和地方国企集团都在开展这种类型的统一建设。
在集团统建的情况下，基础设施包括网络和信息安全等方面的建设由集团总部完成，所用的应用系统的适配也由集团完成，而这些内容往往需要很多资金，单体企业自己做会比较吃力，对单体企业来说往往是较大的资金投入与获得的收益不成比例，况且资金有时也不一定投入到位。如果统建，对所属企业而言，就不用自己单枪匹马的去解决诸多技术问题了，能够把精力和资源重点放在应用建设本身的真正核心内容上。并且因为是集团层面的建设，无论因为是集团企业所在的行业位置，或者是所属企业数量和业务体量，都会让与供应商的商务工作层面也更高，基本都会有更好的规模效应，使得集团和所属企业可以获得更好的价格折扣和服务保障。所以如果企业所在的集团有统建系统，直接纳入集团体系可以比较容易实现国产化替代。
另外，云计算和SaaS等典型的价值之一就是对用户屏蔽包括基础设施在内的底层复杂度和高成本，所以现在较多集团企业自建了私有云和一些应用，如果云和应用是符合国产化要求的，那么这些集团企业在快速实现国产化替代方面是有优势的。同时，也注意到一些厂商主动对接地方国资委建设的国资云，部署了相应新型架构的应用系统，该地区的国有企业就可以选择这种平台快速实现国产化替换，特别是对一些中小规模的企业来说这是性价比较好的方案，当然，对有规模的企业，自建全套的国产化系统，或者选择符合国产化要求的云平台和应用都是可以的，具体都要从企业战略和IT战略出发进行规划和落地。
然后就是应用系统选型，对规模相对较小或者信息化建设内容不多不复杂的企业，直接考虑集团统建系统（有时也不需要选择，直接服从集团规划和工作部署使用集团系统即可）或者国资云上的应用系统是一种方式，而对有规模的企业或者就是集团本身，国产化系统选型所要考虑的内容要更多一些。原因就是因为国产计算底座和适配有更多的内容，相应对企业自身和供应商来说也提出了更高的要求，例如供应商为了能在国产计算底座上良好的运行自己的系统，往往就需要更多的技术和资源投入，供应商需具有充分的工作准备和实力。
即在国产化替代项目中，如果是复杂的项目，比较建议优先考虑领域内的头部厂商，头部厂商的经济情况、技术实力、产品性能、交付资源等方面更有保障，可以和用户一起经历复杂并且或许比较漫长的建设过程，能够支撑国产化替代中更高的技术要求。目前在较多领域上，国内头部厂商的部分产品经过多年也有了很好的发展，有了很多好的解决方案和实际案例。
必须要着重说明的是，国产化的过程必须要通过一个个项目培育出很多优秀的国内厂商和国产产品，而头部厂商都是从小到大发展起来的，作为国产化替代的主要工作对象，国有企业在促进行业发展，协助厂商成长方面有着不一样的使命担当。此处希望说明的是，无论对现在的头部厂商，还是成长型厂商，以及企业用户，不同的国产化替代项目或许有不一样的技术挑战，需要大家携手解决，大家要对资源和技术现状及潜力有比较准确的认识，有更好的心理准备和目标评估更有利于工作的推进。
以上可能是国产化替代最先会考虑的几个点，供大家探讨和参考。
翻译：
The substitution of domestic infrastructure and application software related to enterprise informatization as well as the innovation and innovation is one of the main hotspots of the industry development in recent years, especially at the end of September this year, it has been further strengthened and paid attention to. From the overall background and internal and external environment, to policy guidance and industrial and ecological development, to the specific technical route and product realization and delivery… , there are very, very much content, recently there are more friends to exchange these content. This first brief talk about a few enterprise informatization in the most direct, but also more communication concerns.
In some previous domestic replacement projects of enterprise application systems, enterprises mainly replaced the application systems including ERP, finance, manpower and so on with domestic systems, and often did not involve more infrastructure parts, such as servers, operating systems, databases, etc., and now the requirements of domestic replacement, in principle, start from the CPU and operating system layer (i.e., computing base, At the same time, domestic CPU means definitely domestic server), so now the typical (and qualified) localization is the complete localization from the CPU to the top layer application software (also including middleware, database, etc.).
Some factors that may be affected by adaptation on projects should be considered in software selection and project planning.
Because most of the software products of domestic manufacturers are now developed and used in foreign computing systems (such as Wintel), to run on the domestic computing base will need adaptation, such as modifying the code and replacing some components, so that the software can run on the domestic operating system, you can use the domestic database, and the speed of operation meets the demand. Some domestic software manufacturers will take the initiative to connect with the mainstream domestic computing base, to achieve product level adaptation; For those that have not been actively adapted, it is necessary to complete project-level adaptation in information construction projects. Adaptation usually takes a certain amount of time, and a series of technical problems will be solved in the process. Therefore, some factors that may be affected by adaptation on projects should be considered in software selection and project planning.
Now more manufacturers will do compatible mutual recognition between products and both sides issued compatibility mutual recognition certificate, that is, by adapting the work of the two products to achieve compatibility, such as a domestic software can run on a domestic operating system, such as a software can use a domestic database…… . It should be noted that compatibility and mutual recognition in many cases may be the most basic adaptation, so that A can run on B, no error, function can be opened, mutual recognition may not necessarily through more data to complete the full verification of performance, so, can not equal to good operation, so in some high demand projects, More attention needs to be paid to adaptation to enable software to perform as expected.
At the same time, some domestic fields are still in rapid development, and there are many product systems
At the same time, some domestic fields are still in rapid development, and there are many product systems, such as a variety of computing architectures (ARM, X86), a variety of operating systems (Kirin, Tongxin,……). , multiple databases (Dameng, Gold Warehouse, GaussDB, OceanBase,……) … , the application system sometimes ADAPTS some of these combinations. Previous adaptations and successful cases are a good foundation, but there may still be more adaptation work under the new combination conditions (sometimes some minor version upgrades of some products may require some adaptation work). Fortunately, after years of efforts and development, most of the domestic software that is fully adapted or tuned can run well on the domestic computing base.
In the specific replacement work, there are two corresponding directions for the enterprise.
The first one is that the application software in use is domestic, but the computing base is not domestic, so there are also two ideas: first, consider adapting the software in use to the domestic computing base, and then upgrade the software to the latest version and complete the adaptation of the domestic computing base. Because domestic adaptation of old software versions that have been used for many years is often low in operability (the original software factory does not necessarily support the old version, and adaptation has certain complexity, workload and cost), the project replaced by localization may be a software upgrade project.
For enterprises that build their own systems, they need to purchase domestic servers, databases and related products. Coordinate with the original software manufacturer to make adaptation (the new version may not have been productized; it needs to be adapted at the project level) or purchase the software that has been adapted. If it is a large version of the software upgrade, the work content and workload is often the same as the new system. In the case of multi-system integration application, the interface often needs to be re-developed. So the project initiated by domestic replacement is often a large and complete typical information construction project.
Another direction of work is that, since the enterprise application software is not domestic
Another direction of work is that, since the enterprise application software is not domestic. The corresponding computing base is not domestic. So it is necessary to replace the computing base and application software with domestic, that is, the most thorough replacement. At this time, the selection and construction of computing base is still the focus. But more important is the selection and construction of the application system. Since the price of foreign software is relatively high in a long period of time and requires large capital investment. Large-scale enterprises usually choose foreign software before.
Such large-scale enterprises tend to have huge business volume, various business models, complex business processes and large transaction volume, diverse and self-contained organization and management modes, and large number of personnel and users. The construction of a variety of application systems and complex integration. The corresponding amount of data is also very large. Therefore, large enterprises in the group level application in the planning and selection of content to consider more.
First, let’s briefly talk about the planning. If it is a large-scale group enterprise, because the thorough localization replacement involves a lot of complex infrastructure construction and application adaptation and reconstruction work. Then unified construction of the application system at the group level is a better choice, that is. Because of group integration, or strengthening control, or enabling the whole group, or digital transformation, etc. Planned and promoted by the group headquarters, investment is made in a reasonable way. And unified construction of the application system serving the whole group is carried out. Typical projects such as financial management integration, human resource management integration, sharing service center construction and so on are carried out by many central enterprises and local state-owned enterprise groups before and now.
In the case of unified construction by the group
In the case of unified construction by the group, the construction of infrastructure including network and information security is completed by the group headquarters. And the adaptation of the application system used is also completed by the group. However, these contents often require a lot of funds. And it is difficult for individual enterprises to do it by themselves. For individual enterprises, the large capital investment is often disproportionate to the income obtained. And the money is not always there. Under unified construction, the affiliated enterprises will not have to solve many technical problems single-handedly. And they can focus their energy and resources on the real core content of application construction itself.
In addition, because of the construction at the group level, no matter the industrial location of the group enterprise. Or the number and business volume of the affiliated enterprises, the business level of the supplier will be higher. And there will be better scale effect. So that the group and its affiliated enterprises can obtain better price discounts and service guarantee. Therefore, if the group where the enterprise belongs has a unified construction system. It is easier to realize the localization replacement by directly integrating into the group system.
In addition, one of the typical values of cloud computing and SaaS is to shield users from the underlying complexity and high cost including infrastructure
In addition, one of the typical values of cloud computing and SaaS is to shield users from the underlying complexity and high cost including infrastructure. So now more group enterprises have built their own private cloud and some applications. If the cloud and applications are in line with the requirements of localization. Then these group enterprises have advantages in quickly realizing localization replacement. At the same time, it is also noted that some manufacturers take the initiative to connect with the state-owned assets cloud built by the local State Assets Commission and deploy the application system of the corresponding new architecture.
State-owned enterprises in the region can choose this platform to quickly realize the localization replacement. Especially for some small and medium-sized enterprises, this is a cost-effective solution. Of course, for large-scale enterprises, they can build a full set of localization system. Or choose cloud platforms and applications that meet the requirements of localization. Which should be planned and implemented from the perspective of enterprise strategy and IT strategy.
Then is the selection of application system.
For enterprises with relatively small scale or less and less complex information construction content. It is a way to directly consider the group unified construction system (sometimes there is no need to choose, just directly obey the group planning and work deployment and use the group system) or the application system on state-owned cloud. For enterprises with scale or the group itself, The content of localization system selection should be considered more. The reason is that the domestic computing base and adaption have more content. Which also puts forward higher requirements for enterprises and suppliers. For example, in order for suppliers to run their own systems well on the domestic computing base. They often need more technology and resource investment. And suppliers need to have sufficient work preparation and strength.
In other words, if it is a complex project, it is suggested to give priority to the leading manufacturer in the field.
The leading manufacturer has more guarantee in terms of economic situation, technical strength, product performance, delivery resources, etc. And can go through the complex and perhaps relatively long construction process with users. So as to support the higher technical requirements in the localization replacement project. At present, in many fields. Some of the products of the domestic head manufacturers have also had good development over the years. With a lot of good solutions and practical cases.
It must be emphasized that the process of localization must cultivate many excellent domestic manufacturers and domestic products through one project after another. And the leading manufacturers have developed from small to large. As the main work object of localization replacement, state-owned enterprises have different mission responsibilities in promoting the development of the industry and assisting the growth of manufacturers. What we hope to illustrate here is that, no matter for the current head manufacturers, or growth manufacturers. As well as enterprise users, different localization alternative projects may have different technical challenges, which need to be solved together. We should have a more accurate understanding of the status quo and potential of resources and technology, have better psychological preparation and target evaluation is more conducive to the promotion of work.
The above may be the first few points that localization replacement will consider, for your discussion and reference.
本文由数字化转型网（www.szhzxw.cn）转载而成，来源：猫说信息化 ，作者：苗峰79；编辑/翻译：数字化转型网宁檬树。
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