本文为ERP企业资源计划专题文章系列（一）：什么是ERP企业资源计划？
一、什么是ERP企业资源计划
什么是ERP企业资源计划？企业资源计划即 ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning)，由美国 Gartner Group 公司于1990年提出。企业资源计划是 MRP II（企业制造资源计划）下一代的制造业系统和资源计划软件。除了MRP II 已有的生产资源计划、制造、财务、销售、采购等功能外，还有质量管理，实验室管理，业务流程管理，产品数据管理，存货、分销与运输管理，人力资源管理和定期报告系统。
在我国 ERP 所代表的含义已经被扩大，用于企业的各类软件，已经统统被纳入 ERP 的范畴。它跳出了传统企业边界，从供应链范围去优化企业的资源，是基于网络经济时代的新一代信息系统。它主要用于改善企业业务流程以提高企业核心竞争力。数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
ERP 企业资源计划是由美国计算机技术咨询和评估集团 Gartner Group Inc 提出的一种供应链的管理思想。企业资源计划是指建立在信息技术基础上，以系统化的管理思想，为企业决策层及员工提供决策运行手段的管理平台。ERP 系统支持离散型、流程型等混合制造环境，应用范围从制造业扩展到了零售业、服务业、银行业、电信业、政府机关和学校等事业部门，通过融合数据库技术、图形用户界面、第四代查询语言、客户服务器结构、计算机辅助开发工具、可移植的开放系统等对企业资源进行了有效的集成。
二、ERP企业资源计划系统/软件在中国的发展
（一）ERP企业资源计划系统/软件市场结构体现寡头
ERP企业资源计划系统/软件市场结构中出现寡头垄断的格局。2003 ~ 2008年，在中国，用友、金蝶、SAP、浪潮四家ERP龙头企业的销售额总和占到整个ERP行业的一半左右。并且随着ERP市场容量的迅速增长，ERP市场的几家领导厂商的阵营却长期保持着稳定。综上分析可见，中国ERP软件行业的市场集中度—直都维持在较高水平，呈现出近似寡头垄断的格局。数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
（二）中外ERP企业资源计划系统/软件领导厂商合力主导中国市场
中外ERP企业资源计划系统/软件领导厂商合力主导中国市场。主导我国ERP市场的厂商，既有国内品牌用友和金蝶，也有国际品牌 SAP、Oracle、Infor、Microsoft等。长期以来，用友和金蝶—直在国内品牌中占据主导地位，同时 SAP 等国际品牌也处于我国ERP市场的领先位置。
（三）ERP企业资源计划系统/软件市场存在行业壁垒
ERP企业资源计划系统/软件市场存在行业壁垒。企业并购和品牌影响力是ERP行业壁垒的形成的重要因素。ERP巨头们凭借其强大的资金实力，通过企业并购实现自身的规模升级，从而形成较高的市场壁垒。在ERP市场，并购已经成为提高企业规模和市场份额以及加快企业实现产业转型、促进企业进一步做大做强的必由之路。市场上的中小企业，面对行业巨头强大的资金实力和研发实力，很难与之进行竞争，面临着生存的难题。所以，ERP市场上通过企业并购形成的大巨头直接提高了ERP行业的进入门槛。2009年是ERP本土厂商与国际品牌竞争十分激烈的一年，这一年国内ERP市场上掀起了一股狂热的并购风潮，用友、金蝶等大企业不断加速对ERP行业的中小软件企业进行并购，至今，我国ERP市场上已经完成了多次企业并购。
其次，ERP行业长期积累的品牌美誉度、客户、专业经验也成为市场进入壁垒。高品牌美誉度让很多中小企业很难进入ERP市场，从而形成市场进入壁垒。数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
（四）ERP企业资源计划系统/软件领导厂商拥有定价主动权
ERP企业资源计划系统/软件领导厂商拥有定价主动权。ERP领导企业通过加速并购实现了对行业的垄断，从而对价格进行垄断，ERP市场上的领导厂商因此拥有主动定价权，所以ERP领导企业能长期将自身的经营维持在较高的利润水平。由于企业客户对ERP市场的领导企业的依赖程度越来越高，他们对ERP行业垄断只能适从。SAP公司预计在2014年前，公司的软件及相关营业收入将实现翻倍，营运利润率也将至少达到35%。数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
（五）ERP企业资源计划系统/软件市场中强者将会一直强
ERP企业资源计划系统/软件市场中强者将会一直强。在未来，ERP市场上的优势企业和劣势企业的分化将会进一步加剧，产业集中度会进一步得到提高。随着国际ERP巨头在中国本土化发展速度加快，本土领导厂商的表现也日益卓越，扩张速度不断加快。在中国，未来的ERP市场将会表现出强者恒强的格局，激烈的竞争主要集中在一线厂商，而二三线的厂商都将会面临生存的难题。数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
（六）新进入ERP企业资源计划系统/软件市场者优势颇多
新进入ERP企业资源计划系统/软件市场者优势颇多。不少新生行业的技术不次于市场垄断者，运用了SaaS模式平台，将公司的产品达到了顶峰。合理的抓住机遇，才能从夹缝中获得生存，占据更广的天空。
2023年4月20日，华为宣布实现自主可控的MetaERP研发，并完成对旧ERP系统的替换。
更多有关ERP相关文章，例如ERP资料、ERP成功案例、ERP方案等可在数字化转型网ERP专栏里进行阅读；如果您需要ERP相关资料包报可点击蓝字填写问卷与我们取得联系；更多精彩内容可进入读者群与百万读者一同交流~数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
翻译：
What is ERP enterprise resource planning?
First, what is ERP enterprise resource planning数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) was proposed by Gartner Group in 1990. Enterprise Resource Planning is the next generation manufacturing system and resource planning software of MRP II. In addition to the existing production resource planning, manufacturing, finance, sales, purchasing and other functions of MRP II. There are quality management, laboratory management, business process management, product data management, inventory, distribution and shipping management, human resource management and periodic reporting systems. In our country ERP represents the meaning has been expanded, used in enterprise all kinds of software. I has been totally put into ERP category. It jumps out of the boundaries of traditional enterprises and optimizes the resources of enterprises from the range of supply chain. It is a new generation information system based on the era of network economy. It is mainly used to improve the business process of enterprises to enhance the core competitiveness of enterprises.
ERP is a supply chain management idea proposed by Gartner Group Inc., an American computer technology consulting and evaluation group. Enterprise resource planning is a management platform based on information technology and with systematic management ideas. Which provides decision-making operation means for the decision-making level and employees of enterprises. ERP system supports discrete, process-based and other mixed manufacturing environments. Extending its application from manufacturing to retail, service, banking, telecommunications, government agencies, schools and other business sectors. Through the integration of database technology, graphical user interface, fourth generation query language, client server structure, computer aided development tools, portable open system. And so on, enterprise resources are effectively integrated.
Ii. Development of ERP enterprise resource planning system/software in China
(1) ERP enterprise resource planning system/software market structure reflects oligarchy
ERP enterprise resource planning system/software market structure reflects oligarchy.From 2003 to 2008, the combined sales of the four leading ERP enterprises in China, Yonyou, Kingdee, SAP and Inspur, accounted for about half of the whole ERP industry. In addition, with the rapid growth of ERP market capacity. The camp of several leading manufacturers in ERP market remains stable for a long time. To sum up, it can be seen that the market concentration of ERP software industry in China is maintained at a high level, showing an approximate oligopoly pattern.数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
(2) Chinese and foreign ERP enterprise resource planning system/software leading manufacturers to dominate the Chinese market
Chinese and foreign ERP enterprise resource planning system/software leading manufacturers to dominate the Chinese market. Leading Chinese ERP market manufacturers, including domestic brands Yonyou and Kingdee, as well as international brands SAP, Oracle, Infor, Microsoft, etc. For a long time, Yonyou and Kingdee – Zhi occupy the leading position in domestic brands. At the same time, international brands such as SAP are also in the leading position in our ERP market.数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
(3)There are industry barriers in ERP enterprise resource planning system/software market
There are industry barriers in ERP enterprise resource planning system/software market. Enterprise merger and acquisition and brand influence are important factors for the formation of ERP industry barriers. ERP giants, with their strong financial strength, upgrade their scale through mergers and acquisitions, thus forming higher market barriers. In the ERP market, merger and acquisition has become the only way to improve the scale and market share of enterprises, accelerate the industrial transformation of enterprises. And promote enterprises to become bigger and stronger.
Small and medium-sized enterprises in the market. In the face of industry giants strong financial strength and research and development strength. It is difficult to compete with them, facing the problem of survival. Therefore, the giants formed in the ERP market through mergers and acquisitions have directly raised the entry threshold of the ERP industry. 2009 is a year of fierce competition between local manufacturers and international brands in ERP. This year the domestic ERP market set off a craze for mergers and acquisitions, Yonyou, Kingdee and other big enterprises accelerating mergers and acquisitions to small and medium-sized software enterprises in ERP industry. So far, our ERP market has completed many mergers and acquisitions of enterprises.数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
Secondly, the long-term accumulation of brand reputation, customers and professional experience in ERP industry also become the barriers to market entry. High brand reputation makes it difficult for many small and medium-sized enterprises to enter the ERP market. Thus forming market entry barriers.
(4) ERP Enterprise Resource planning System/software lead vendor has the pricing initiative
ERP Enterprise Resource planning System/software lead vendor has the pricing initiative. By accelerating mergers and acquisitions, the leading enterprises in ERP realize the monopoly of the industry and thus monopolize the price. Therefore, the leading manufacturers in the ERP market have the right to take the initiative in pricing. So the leading enterprises in ERP can maintain their own operation at a high level of profit for a long time. As enterprise customers rely more and more on the leading enterprises in ERP market, they can only adapt to the monopoly of ERP industry. SAP expects to double its software and related revenue by 2014, with an operating margin of at least 35%.
（5）The strong in ERP enterprise resource planning system/software market will stay strong
The strong in ERP enterprise resource planning system/software market will stay strong. In the future, the differentiation between advantaged and disadvantaged enterprises in the ERP market will be further intensified, and the industrial concentration will be further improved. With the acceleration of the localization development of the international ERP giants in China, the performance of the local leading manufacturers is also increasingly excellent, and the expansion speed is accelerating. In China, the future ERP market will show a pattern of constant strength of the strong, and the fierce competition mainly focuses on the first-tier manufacturers, while the second and third-tier manufacturers will face the survival problem.数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
(6)New entrants to ERP enterprise resource planning system/software market have many advantages
New entrants to ERP enterprise resource planning system/software market have many advantages. Many new industries are not inferior to market monopolists in technology, using SaaS model platform, the company’s products to reach the peak. Reasonable seize the opportunity, in order to get survival from the cracks, occupy a wider sky.数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
On April 20, 2023, Huawei announced the realization of self-controlled MetaERP research and development, and completed the replacement of the old ERP system.
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