本文为数字化转型网（szhzxw.cn）MES（制造执行系统）专题系列文章之一。在MES专题系列文章（一）中我们了解了什么是MES？MES的定义是什么？MES的概念是什么？本文主要阐述了MES（制造执行系统）经历了哪些发展历史？MES（制造执行系统）在国内的现状是怎样的？MES趋势是什么？
一、MES（制造执行系统）的发展历史
MES制造执行系统的发展历史是怎样的？
MES作为生产形态变革的产物，MES起源大多源自工厂的内部需求。为了更好的理解MES的产生背景，我们先回顾一下计算机辅助生产管理系统的演化历史。
八十年代MRPII在美国生产与库存管理协会（APICS）大力宣传和组织推动下得到了迅速的普及和广泛应用，但也暴露出一些不足之处，如MRPII对预测需求和销售管理不够重视，对车间的大量实时事件与数据不能很好地利用等等。许多企业认识到需要其它系统来解决MRPII在某些方面管理薄弱的问题。于是为了满足销售、预测的需求，产生了分销资源计划DPR（Distribution Resource Planning）。同样，为了强化车间的执行功能，制造执行系统（MES）也就应运而生。传统的MES(Traditional MES，T-MES)大致可分为两大类：.数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
1）专用的MES 系统(Point MES)。专用的MES 系统主要是针对某个特定的领域问题而开发的系统，如车间维护、生产监控、有限能力调度或是SCADA等；
2）集成的MES系统 (Integrated MES)。集成的MES系统起初是针对一个特定的、规范化的环境而设计的，目前集成的MES系统已拓展到许多领域，如航空、装配、半导体、食品和卫生等行业，在功能上集成的MES系统已实现了与上层事务处理和下层实时控制系统的集成。.数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
虽然专用的MES能够为某一特定环境提供最好的性能，却常常难以与其它应用集成。集成的 MES比专用的MES迈进了一大步，具有一些优点，如单一的逻辑数据库、系统内部具有良好的集成性、统一的数据模型等等，但其整个MES系统重构性能弱，很难随业务过程的变化而进行功能配置和动态改变。
美国AMR(Advanced Manufacturing Research)研究小组在分析信息技术的发展和MES应用前景的基础上提出了可集成MES(Integratable MES，I-MES) 。将模块化和组件技术应用到MES的系统开发中，是两类T-MES系统的结合。从表现形式上看，可集成MES具有专用的MES系统的特点，即I-MES中的部分功能作为可重用组件单独销售。同时，可集成MES又具有集成的MES的特点，即能实现上下两层之间的集成。此外，I-MES还能实现客户化、可重构、可扩展和互操作等特性，可集成MES能方便地实现不同厂商之间的集成和原有系统的保护，以及即插即用等功能。.数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
二、MES（制造执行系统）在国内的现状是怎样的？
虽然MES的发展历史比MRPII，CAD/CAM等要短，但MES能有效地实现以时间为关键的制造思想，因而在发达国家推广的非常迅速，MES并给工厂带来了巨大的经济效益，对国外的管理界也产生了深远的影响。近十多年来，我国通过863/CIMS应用的研究和推广，大大提高了企业的竞争力，使我国的制造业水平上了一个崭新的台阶，但与发达国家相比还有较大的差距。制造业水平的提高，不单是采用设备自动化，提高生产管理信息系统的效率显得更为重要。其中MRPII、MIS已逐渐趋于成熟与普及，而面向制造执行层的MES软件的开发与应用还比较薄弱。我国的研究者对车间层、单元层的研究大都着重于控制模型的研究，很少站在MES这一角度从应用出发来研究和开发面向制造过程的集成化管理和控制软件。我国的许多高等院校、科研院所都在从事MES的研究与应用开发工作，在理论研究方面，加入了并行、敏捷、网络化、可重构等一些先进思想，在MES系统设计方面采用面向对象、构件、代理等技术，取得了不少有益的成果，但在软件的商品化、成果的推广应用方面还存在很大的差距。.数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
目前，国内还没有自主开发的很成熟的且得到广泛应用的MES软件。即使有所谓的车间层控制SFC（Shop Floor Control），也多数是收集相关资料，再通过批处理方式录入，其功能十分有限。在工厂自动化 FA（Factory Automation）方面，过去多是强调物流自动化，如自动化生产设备，自动化检测仪器，自动化物流运输存储设备等等。虽然它们能取代不少人工并解决了一些生产瓶颈，但由于缺少相应的信息集成系统，不能充分发挥其功效而形成所谓的“自动化孤岛”。随着企业信息化应用水平的不断提高，企业逐渐认识到实现企业计划层与车间执行层的双向信息流交互，通过连续信息流来实现企业信息全集成，是提高企业敏捷性的一个重要因素。因此，通过 MES来实现企业信息的全集成，形成实时化的ERP/MES/SFC是提高企业整体管理水平的关键，这对企业制造业整体水平的提升具有重要意义。同时制造单元中的信息集成也为敏捷制造企业的实施提供了良好的基础。.数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
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三、MES发展趋势是什么？
近年来，随着JIT(Just In Time)、BTO（面向订单生产）等新型生产模式的提出，以及客户、市场对产品质量提出更高要求，MES才被重新发现并得到重视。同时在网络经济泡沫的破碎后，企业开始认识到要从最基础的生产管理上提升竞争力，即只有将数据信息从产品级（基础自动化级）取出，穿过操作控制级，送达管理级，通过连续信息流来实现企业信息集成才能使企业在日益激烈的竞争中立于不败之地。MES（制造执行系统）在国外被迅速而广泛地应用。制造执行系统（MES）旨在提升企业执行能力，具有不可替代的功能，竞争环境下的流程行业企业应分清不同制造管理系统的目标和作用，明确MES（制造执行系统）在集成系统中的定位，重视信息的准确及时、规范流程、利用工具、管理创新，根据MES（制造执行系统）成熟度模型对自身的执行能力进行分析，按照信息集成、事务处理、制造智能三阶段循序渐进地实施MES系统，才能充分发挥企业信息化的作用，提高企业竞争力，为企业带来预期效益。
MES专题系列文章（二）：MES（制造执行系统）经历了哪些发展历史？MES（制造执行系统）在国内的现状是怎样的？MES的发展趋势是什么？翻译：
This article is one of a series of articles on MES (Manufacturing Execution System) of Digital Transformation network (szhzxw.cn). What do we know about MES in the MES series (I)? What is the definition of MES? What is the concept of MES? This article mainly describes the development history of MES (Manufacturing execution System). What is the current situation of MES (Manufacturing Execution System) in China?
First, what is the development history of MES (Manufacturing Execution System)?
As a product of the transformation of production form, MES originates mostly from the internal demand of the factory. In order to better understand the background of MES, we first review the evolutionary history of computer-aided production management systems..szhzxw.cn
In the 1980s, MRPII was popularized and widely used under the strong publicity and organization of the American Production and Inventory Management Association (APICS), but it also exposed some shortcomings, such as MRPII did not pay enough attention to forecasting demand and sales management, and could not make good use of a large number of real-time events and data in the workshop. Many organizations recognize that other systems are needed to address some aspects of the weak management of MRPII. Therefore, in order to meet the needs of sales and forecasting, Distribution Resource Planning (DPR) is produced. Similarly, in order to strengthen the executive function of the workshop, the manufacturing execution system (MES) has also emerged. .szhzxw.cn
Traditional MES(T-MES) can be broadly divided into two categories:
1) Dedicated MES system (Point MES). Dedicated MES systems are systems developed for a specific domain problem, such as shop maintenance, production monitoring, limited capacity scheduling, or SCADA.
2) Integrated MES system. The integrated MES system was originally designed for a specific and standardized environment, and the integrated MES system has been extended to many fields, such as aviation, assembly, semiconductor, food and health industries, and the functionally integrated MES system has realized the integration with the upper level transaction processing and the lower level real-time control system..szhzxw.cn
Although specialized MES can provide the best performance for a particular environment, they are often difficult to integrate with other applications.
Integrated MES is a big step forward than dedicated MES, and has some advantages, such as a single logical database, good integration within the system, unified data model, etc., but its entire MES system reconstruction performance is weak, and it is difficult to carry out functional configuration and dynamic change with the change of business process.szhzxw.cn
AMR(Advanced Manufacturing Research) research group in the United States proposed Integratable MES(I-MES) on the basis of analyzing the development of information technology and the application prospect of MES. The application of modularity and component technology to the system development of MES is the combination of two types of T-MES systems. In terms of presentation, integrable MES have the characteristics of a dedicated MES system, that is, some of the functions in I-MES are sold separately as reusable components. At the same time, integrable MES has the characteristics of integrated MES, that is, it can realize the integration between the upper and lower layers. In addition, I-MES can also achieve customization, reconfigurable, scalable and interoperable features, integrable MES can easily achieve integration between different manufacturers and the protection of the original system, as well as plug and play and other functions.szhzxw.cn
Second, what is the status quo of MES (Manufacturing Execution System) in China?
Although the development history of MES is shorter than MRPII, CAD/CAM, etc., MES can effectively realize the time-critical manufacturing idea, so it is promoted very quickly in developed countries, MES and has brought huge economic benefits to the factory, and has had a profound impact on the management of foreign countries. In the past ten years, through the 863/CIMS application research and promotion. China has greatly improved the competitiveness of enterprises. So that China’s manufacturing level on a new level. But compared with the developed countries there is still a big gap. The improvement of the level of manufacturing industry. Not only the use of equipment automation, to improve the efficiency of production management information system is more important. Among them, MRPII and MIS have gradually become mature and popular. But the development and application of MES software for manufacturing execution layer is still relatively weak. szhzxw.cn
Most of the research on workshop level and unit level in our country focuses on the research of control model. And seldom studies and develops the integrated management and control software for manufacturing process from the perspective of MES. Many institutions of higher learning and research institutes in our country are engaged in the research and application development of MES. In the theoretical research, they have joined some advanced ideas such as parallel, agile, networking and reconfiguration. In the design of MES system, object-oriented, component, agent and other technologies have been adopted. And many beneficial results have been achieved. However, there is still a big gap in the commercialization of software and the promotion and application of results.
At present, there is no self-developed MES software that is mature and widely used in China.
Even if there is a so-called Shop Floor Control (SFC), most of the relevant data is collected and then entered through batch processing. And its function is very limited. In terms of Factory Automation FA (Factory Automation), logistics automation was emphasized in the past. Such as automated production equipment, automated testing instruments, automated logistics transportation storage equipment and so on. Although they can replace a lot of labor and solve some production bottlenecks, but because of the lack of corresponding information integration system. Can not fully play their effectiveness and form the so-called “automation island”. szhzxw.cn
With the continuous improvement of the application level of enterprise informatization, enterprises gradually realize that it is an important factor to improve enterprise agility to realize the two-way information flow interaction between the enterprise planning layer and the workshop execution layer. And realize the complete integration of enterprise information through continuous information flow. Therefore, through MES to achieve the full integration of enterprise information. The formation of real-time ERP/MES/SFC is the key to improve the overall management level of enterprises. Which is of great significance to the overall level of enterprise manufacturing. At the same time, the information integration in manufacturing cell also provides a good foundation for the implementation of agile manufacturing enterprises.szhzxw.cn
Third, what is the trend of MES?
In recent years, with the JIT(Just In Time), BTO (production to order) and other new production models proposed, as well as customers, the market put forward higher requirements for product quality, MES has been rediscovered and received attention. At the same time, after the collapse of the network economic bubble, enterprises began to realize that they should enhance their competitiveness from the most basic production management, that is, only by taking out the data information from the product level (basic automation level), passing through the operation control level, serving the management level, and realizing the integration of enterprise information through continuous information flow can enterprises be in an invincible position in the increasingly fierce competition. MES (Manufacturing Execution System) is rapidly and widely used in foreign countries.
Manufacturing execution system (MES) aims to enhance the execution ability of enterprises, with irreplaceable functions, the process industry enterprises in the competitive environment should distinguish the goals and roles of different manufacturing management systems, clear MES (manufacturing execution system) in the integrated system positioning, attention to the accurate and timely information, standardized processes, the use of tools, management innovation, According to the MES (Manufacturing Execution System) maturity model to analyze their own execution ability, in accordance with the information integration, transaction processing, manufacturing intelligence in three stages step by step implementation of MES system, in order to give full play to the role of enterprise information, improve the competitiveness of enterprises, to bring expected benefits for enterprises.
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