导读：前天和几位做项目管理软件的小伙伴交流，我说“项目管理”这个词本身有很大的歧义，市面上很多家都在说做“项目管理软件”，实际上没有一家能够覆盖所有的企业项目类型和项目管理内容。
如果作为企业级的软件解决方案，“项目管理”这个词本身至少有两个层面的含义：
1、从企业管理角度看项目：
企业管理所有问题可以归结为人、财、物的企业资源管理，其中财务视角又可以统括对所有资源的衡量和控制。因而ERP 是企业管理的核心系统，在项目型企业或者存在“项目”的企业里，项目本身是一个管理控制对象，是一个责任中心，即属于成本中心、利润中心或者投资中心三种责任中心类型中的一种。
我从这个角度将项目分为甲方项目和乙方项目，甲方项目即花钱的项目，乙方项目即收钱的项目。
甲方项目又分为资本型项目和费用型项目：
资本型项目是指以项目方式来管理资本性投入，包括投资预算、进度计量和投资转固等流程，公司本身是业主方，例如基础设施建设、技改工程等；
费用型项目是指需要以项目方式来管理专项费用，需要进行费用分解，从进度和任务两个维度来对费用进行管控（如果不是以这种方式管控费用，那就不能算项目管理，只能叫专项费用管理），例如大型营销活动管理、研发管理等； 数字化转型网（www.szhzxw.cn）
乙方项目又分为服务型项目和工程型项目：
前者主要是提供服务，服务项目的特点是需要按照里程碑来向客户开票、确认收入、按照任务和阶段来归集成本、管理分包合同等，例如工程总承包、咨询和系统集成项目等…
后者则以项目的形式交付物理产品，除了具有服务型项目的大多数流程外，还包括边设计边制造、管理委外、项目型物料计划（MRP）和对项目型制造进行成本控制，例如基础设施施工、造飞机造轮船等。
企业内存在的项目是这些项目类型中的一类，或者有些大型企业同时存在多种类型的项目，例如我给某大型化工厂、某汽车集团都实施过资本型项目的 ERP 方案，同时在这些企业里也用项目来管理费用。
这类软件是传统 ERP 的强项，主要产品是 SAP、Oracle，在特定行业，例如建筑、造船、房地产开发等，也有一些行业性 ERP具备优势。 数字化转型网（www.szhzxw.cn）
2、从项目执行角度看项目：
项目执行中的项目管理主要流程包括项目资源（主要是人力）管理、工作任务分配、项目计划、任务进度及控制、项目工作协同、项目提交物管理、阶段评审等，强调用数字化工作流来实现协同自动化，也常见用低代码方式来快速搭建定制化工作流，主要应用在产品研发、软件开发、市场营销活动中，最近这些年在市面上常见的这类项目管理软件主要是从科技公司、软件组织的产品研发项目里孵化出来的，包括国内的腾讯 TAPD、禅道、飞书项目，国外的 Jira/Trello、Asana、Monday 等。
这类项目执行管理软件大多对应于上述的“费用型项目”，相对比较敏捷，强调人员协作。坦白说，我认为这类软件不适用于复杂研发（例如华为/IBM 的 IPD 套路）、工程类、制造类的项目执行管理。
这类项目执行管理平台还需要和项目上使用的数字化工具集成，例如软件代码管理、CAD设计工具、文档管理等，做到项目活动、项目提交物的信息衔接。 数字化转型网（www.szhzxw.cn）
在项目执行中还有一个比较特殊应用领域就是对于项目排程和资源进行优化，当资源利用在项目的不同任务之间进行分配时，如果产生产能冲突，怎样基于一定的约束条件（例如损失最小、成本最低等决策选择），进行进度和资源分配的优化。这属于一个单独的软件应用领域，称为“项目优化器”。
所以，当我们给企业做项目管理数字化的设计时，或者说“项目管理软件“时，要充分考虑到不同项目类型、不同的管理层级需求，来建立下面这样完整的项目管理信息系统的架构：
翻译：
What is project management software and project management information System
The day before yesterday and several small partners who do project management software exchange, I said that the word “project management” itself has a great ambiguity, many companies on the market are talking about doing “project management software”, in fact, no one can cover all enterprise project types and project management content.
As an enterprise software solution, the term “project management” itself has at least two levels of meaning:
From the perspective of enterprise management:
All the problems of enterprise management can be attributed to the enterprise resource management of human, financial and material, in which the financial perspective can include the measurement and control of all resources. Therefore, ERP is the core system of enterprise management. In project-based enterprises or “project” enterprises, the project itself is a management control object and a responsibility center, which belongs to one of the three types of responsibility centers: cost center, profit center or investment center. 数字化转型网（www.szhzxw.cn）
From this perspective, I divide the project into Party A’s project and Party B’s project. Party A’s project is the project that spends money, and Party B’s project is the project that receives money.
Party A’s projects are further divided into capital projects and expense projects:
Capital projects refer to the management of capital input in the form of projects, including investment budget, progress measurement, investment consolidation and other processes. The company itself is the owner, such as infrastructure construction and technical transformation projects.
Cost projects refer to the need to manage special expenses in the form of projects, the need to decompose costs, and control costs from the two dimensions of progress and tasks (if the cost is not controlled in this way, it can not be counted as project management, only called special cost management), such as large-scale marketing activities management, research and development management;
Party B’s projects are further divided into service projects and engineering projects:
The former is mainly to provide services, service projects are characterized by the need to invoice customers according to milestones, recognize revenue, collect costs according to tasks and stages, manage subcontracts, such as general engineering contracting, consulting and system integration projects, etc. 数字化转型网（www.szhzxw.cn）
The latter delivers physical products in the form of projects, which, in addition to most of the processes of service projects, include design-by-design manufacturing, management outsourcing, project-based material planning (MRP), and cost control of project-based manufacturing, such as infrastructure construction, aircraft and ship building.
The project existing in the enterprise is one of these project types, or some large enterprises have multiple types of projects at the same time. For example, I have implemented the ERP scheme of capital projects for a large chemical plant and an automobile group, and at the same time, projects are used to manage expenses in these enterprises.
This kind of software is the strength of traditional ERP, the main products are SAP, Oracle, in specific industries, such as construction, shipbuilding, real estate development, there are also some industrial ERP has advantages. 数字化转型网（www.szhzxw.cn）
From the perspective of project execution:
The main process of project management in project execution includes project resources (mainly manpower) management, task assignment, project planning, task progress and control, project work collaboration, project submission management, stage review, etc. It emphasizes the use of digital workflow to achieve collaborative automation, and it is also common to use low-code methods to quickly build customized workflow. It is mainly used in product research and development, software development, and marketing activities. In recent years, the common project management software in the market is mainly incubated from the product research and development projects of technology companies and software organizations, including the domestic Tencent TAPD, Zen Dao, and flying book projects. Foreign Jira/Trello, Asana, Monday, etc.
This kind of project execution management software mostly corresponds to the above “expense projects”, is relatively agile, and emphasizes human collaboration. Frankly, I don’t think this kind of software is suitable for complex research and development (such as Huawei /IBM IPD routine), engineering, manufacturing project execution management. 数字化转型网（www.szhzxw.cn）
This kind of project execution management platform also needs to be integrated with the digital tools used in the project, such as software code management, CAD design tools, document management, etc., to achieve the information connection of project activities and project submissions.
There is also a special application field in the project execution is the optimization of project scheduling and resources. When resource utilization is allocated among different tasks of the project, if there is a production conflict, how to optimize the schedule and resource allocation based on certain constraints (such as the decision choice of the least loss and the lowest cost). This belongs to a separate field of software applications called “project optimizers”.
Therefore, when we do the digital design of project management for enterprises, or “project management software”, we should fully consider different project types and different management levels to establish the following complete project management information system architecture:
本文由数字化转型网（www.szhzxw.cn）转载而成，来源于陈果George，作者GEORGE陈果；编辑/翻译：数字化转型网宁檬树。
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