据中国信通院发布的《中国数字经济发展白皮书（2020年）》显示，2019年，我国数字经济增加值规模达到35.8万亿元，占GDP比重达到36.2%，按照可比口径计算，2019年我国数字经济名义增长15.6%，高于同期GDP名义增速约7.85个百分点。白皮书显示，服务业、工业、农业数字经济渗透率分别为37.8%、19.5%和8.2%。数字化转型网www.szhzxw.cn
作为国民经济支柱产业的建筑业，2019年建筑业占GDP比重达7.16%，但是建筑整体数字化程度较低。据2017年12月，麦肯锡全球研究院发布《数字时代的中国：打造具有全球竞争力的新经济》显示，中国建筑业是数字化程度最低的行业之一。另据中国建筑协会的统计，我国建筑信息化投入在建筑业总产值中的占比仅为0.08%，而欧美发达国家为1%。
显然，加速建筑业的数字化进程，对促进数字经济进一步发展和壮大具有重要意义。下面，我们立足当下，梳理建筑业数字化的现状，展望建筑业数字化的未来。
一、解放双手与武装大脑，建筑业数字化走过的阶段
解放双手阶段，即设计师甩图板和预算造价人员扔掉计算器。从上世纪九十年代开始，建筑业分别进行了“甩图板工程”和“造价算量电算化”这两个关键动作，他们都是用计算机软件替代手工操作，降低误操作，提升的是操作层岗位的生产效率，通过操作层的数字化给后续的管理数字化奠定了基础。这个阶段，建筑数字化领域诞生不了少有影响力的企业，诸如PKPM、广联达、斯维尔、天正，都是在此背景下诞生的企业。
武装大脑阶段，即通过管理的信息化，帮助建筑企业提升内部协同效率。管理的信息化主要从千禧后开始发力，电子招投标系统、施工现场管理系统、知识管理系统、决策支持系统等诸多管理系统陆续引入，不同程度的改善了建筑企业人员密集、离散度高、信息分散、信息利用水平低等问题，大大的提升了建筑企业的管理水平。2000年，新中大软件收购杭州天合，进军工程管理软件市场，建筑企业的项目管理和企业管理进入内部协同时代。数字化转型网www.szhzxw.cn
二、BIM热潮，建筑数字化从内部协同走向产业协同
BIM的应用，本质是“建筑物”为核心，实现建筑全生命周期的管理。近几年，提到建筑数字化，基本上言必称BIM，这种认识，不管是政府机构，还是行业协会，抑或建筑施工企业，对BIM似乎都保持着高度的关注和美好的期许。事实上，BIM并不新鲜，早在1975年由美国学者提出，此后经多个国家的引进和发展，逐步形成全世界建筑行业的核心技术。BIM的核心是利用数字化技术，实现从建筑的规划、设计、施工、运营维护乃至拆除的建筑全生命周期信息的集成，使得建筑全生命周期的信息能够在建设项目的所有参与方(包括政府主管部门、业主、设计、施工、监理、造价、运营管理、项目户等)中实现共享与传递，起到提高生产效率、节约成本和缩短工期的作用。表面上看，似乎BIM是早期CAD的升级演进，但深层次的是产业链层级的信息共享，是建筑业数字化的发展方向。
BIM的落地应用，不光要实现企业各部门的信息化打通，还要打通产业链不同分工的企业信息，这与产业互联网的思念完全相同。
目前，部分大型建筑企业的数字化建设从重内部流程管理，进一步面向产业协同化进行转变。产业协同，一方面得益于住建部的推动。住建部提出到2020年年底，建筑行业甲级勘察、设计单位以及特级、一级房屋建筑工程施工企业应掌握并实现BIM与企业管理系统和其他信息技术的一体化集成应用。产业协同，另一方面源于企业自身发展的需要。中建云筑网、中铁鲁班网、上海建工营造商，都是通过供应链的数字化，打通上下游企业。利用供应链数字化协同降本增效成为大型建筑企业的共识。
三、供应链数字化，是建筑业产业协同的典型应用场景
供应链的数字化，能够帮助企业管理多个异地项目，提升管理效率。建筑业具有项目建设地分散、价值链离散度高和项目周期较短的特点，导致供应链成本居高不下。通常，建筑项目建设周期在几个月到几年不等，建设期间要构建钢材等主材供应商，各类地材供应商，以及分包合作伙伴，在异地扩张项目时，原有供应体系复用度低，需要重新构建。以云筑网为例，中建及云筑网其他采购单位，均可共享平台36万供应商，这能降低施工企业寻源周期和采购成本，同时通过本地化的规模效率提升供应商和物流方的服务能力，整个产业链协同的效率。数字化转型网www.szhzxw.cn
供应链数字化，能够帮助企业降低增效。据中国建筑协会发布数据显示，中国建筑企业平均净利率约3.5%左右。在建筑的项目成本中，采购成本（包括材料、劳务、机械设备等）大约占到整体成本80%，是项目成本的重要组成部分。近几年大型建筑企业纷纷实施B2B集采平台，通过数字化手段降低采购的成本，提升采购的效率。据不完全测算，实施供应链数字化后，平均采购成本降低约1%~3%左右，而采购成本每降低1%利润率将增长5%，这对于净利率低的建筑业具有重要意义。
供应链数字化，能够解决建筑企业融资难和融资成本高的问题。在传统供应链的金融领域，仓单融资和抵押融资较为普遍，融资的难度大，融资的周期长，并且融资的成本高。野马科技的联盟链则对建筑采购、合同、票据等数据上链，实现价值传递，一方面解决供应商对供应链平台的信任度问题，另一方面方便供应链数据与金服机构数据进行共享，方便平台企业植入供应链金融业务。筑集采的“筑链智融”运用区块链技术对数据上链存证，帮助建筑企业的供应链数据实现从核心企业到物流商、供应商多方数据传递，透过平台融资金额超过10亿元。
供应链数字化，对社会治理具有重要作用。受公共卫生事件的影响，今年第一季度全民开启“家里蹲”模式，各类物资紧缺，建筑项目的供应链同样面临断裂风险。从产业层面，全面掌握供应商的地理位置、库存储备和生产能力、上下游情况，与自然灾害和交通动态数据联动，能够帮助企业建立起预案，也能保障国家重大项目建设的顺利开展。年初，武汉雷神山和火神山两座医院在疫情期间快速建成，“中国速度”再次让全球瞩目，这背后供应链数字化同样居功至伟。数字化转型网www.szhzxw.cn
供应链数字化，是建筑业产业协同的基础。早期，建筑企业把招标采购系统线上化，解决了线上到线上的转化，但供应商的数量和质量仍然无法让采购效率最大化、采购成本最优化。单企业为主的招标采购系统向产业集采平台进行演进成为必然趋势。多个采购商（施工方）入驻平台，企业共享供应商，共享物料信息，共享物流商，以大宗物资采购撬动零星的MRO、供应链金融等更多场景企业服务，形成一套产业链协同平台，利用数字化手段改造供应商、物流商、金融服务机构，解决产业链企业经营过程中物资流转、资金周转、信息传递等问题。中建云筑网、南通三建投资的筑集采、钢铁电商兰格集采平台都是建筑行业产业集采平台的践行者。
四、建筑数字化建设，不能盲目放卫星，要务实而为
数字化建设通常有三个阶段，即岗位和部门数字化、企业内部协同数字化和产业数字化协同三个阶段。在岗位和部门的数字化阶段，基本解决的是操作层的数字化，在企业内部协同数字化，主要解决的是企业管理的数字化，这两个阶段数字化应用以企业内部应用为主，产品选型比较灵活；产业数字化协同阶段则依赖产业链的生态建设和企业内部资源的互联互通，制约性比较大。
下面咱们就来说说建筑数字化建设的四个方式。数字化转型网www.szhzxw.cn
其一，与成熟的ISV（独立软件开发商）合作，购买成熟的产品，这样的好处快，成本相对较低，缺点是企业的自主性弱，产品与企业的贴合度较低，这种方式比较适合中小型建筑企业。
其二，与开发团队合作定制软件，这样的好处是在半成品的基础上定制，开发周期快，成本适中，缺点是企业通常没有完整的知识产权，比较适合大中型建筑企业，对数字化的精细化要求较高的企业。
其三，自建团队开发，这样的好处是数字化建设与企业流程和管理的贴合度高，企业拥有完整的知识产权，缺点是开发成本高，开发周期长，并且需要成熟的IT管理能力，比较适合大型建筑企业或其独立的科技公司，可以根据此构建自己的数字化生态圈，并对外输出。
其四，强强联合，抱团建平台。类似南通二建、南通四建与龙信建设等企业结盟，共建供应链数字化平台。这样的优势是资源共享，能够快速构建生态，缺点是模式设计难度大，需要强有力的核心企业来牵头负责。
在数字化建设的实施中，通常四个方式混用，比如标准化程度高的财务软件、项目管理软件可以直接购买，但物资供应链或者劳务供应链，个性化程度高可以选择定制开发，或者自建团队开发，具体根据业务进行评估再确定建设的方式。
建筑数字化不能盲目放卫星，应该务实而为。某壹级施工企业，年产值达20亿，除了财务部拥有软件之外，其他内部管理均使用QQ、微信进行信息传递和数据共享。某同区域壹级企业，成立了自己的软件研发团队，进行企业管理软件的研发，对数字化的流程化和标准化有着深刻的认知。我们注意到，部分领先的建筑企业已经在落地BIM的推广和智慧工地的建设，但是大多数建筑企业还走在从0到1的数字化建设的中，数字化建设，不能盲目攀比，乱定目标放卫星，应该务实而为，面向经营的利润和管理的效率出发，稳扎稳打，步步推进。数字化转型网www.szhzxw.cn
今年，中央提出推动新基建建设和促进数字经济发展的重大部署，建筑业的数字化应该与中央部署紧密结合。新基建部分的工业互联网核心是供应链数字化，供应链被称为产业的神经系统，重要性不言而喻。建筑业的数字化需从供应链数字化发出，一方面促进建筑业供给侧改革，一方面帮助企业降本增效，提升生产力，一方面促进产业协同共享，连接全产业链条，融入到数字经济的大潮之中。
翻译：
According to the White Paper on the Development of China’s Digital Economy (2020) released by the China Academy of Information and Communication Technology, the added value of China’s digital economy reached 35.8 trillion yuan in 2019, accounting for 36.2% of GDP. Calculated by comparable standards, the nominal growth of China’s digital economy in 2019 was 15.6%. It was 7.85 percentage points higher than nominal GDP growth in the same period. According to the white paper, the penetration rates of the digital economy in services, industry and agriculture are 37.8 percent, 19.5 percent and 8.2 percent, respectively.
As a pillar industry of the national economy, construction industry accounted for 7.16% of GDP in 2019, but the overall degree of digitization of construction is relatively low. According to “China in the Digital Age: Building a New Globally Competitive Economy” released by the McKinsey Global Institute in December 2017, China’s construction industry is one of the least digitalized. In addition, according to the statistics of China Building Association, China’s construction informatization investment in the total output value of the construction industry accounts for only 0.08%, while the European and American developed countries for 1%.数字化转型网www.szhzxw.cn
Obviously, accelerating the digitization process of the construction industry is of great significance to promote the further development and expansion of the digital economy. Next, we are based on the present, sort out the current situation of construction digitization, and look forward to the future of construction digitization.
Freeing hands and arming brains, the construction industry has gone through a phase of digitization
In the hands-free phase, designers toss their boards and budget people throw away their calculators. Since the 1990s, the construction industry has respectively carried out the two key actions of “drawing board project” and “computerization of cost calculation”. They all use computer software to replace manual operation, reduce misoperation, improve the production efficiency of the operation layer post, and lay the foundation for the subsequent management digitization through the digitization of the operation layer. At this stage, few influential enterprises were born in the field of architectural digitalization, such as PKPM, Glodon, Sville and Tianzheng, all of which were born under this background.
The stage of arming the brain is to help construction enterprises improve their internal collaborative efficiency through management informatization. The informationization of management mainly began to work after the millennium. Electronic bidding system, construction site management system, knowledge management system, decision support system and many other management systems were introduced successively, which improved the problems of dense personnel, high dispersion, scattered information and low information utilization level of construction enterprises to varying degrees, and greatly improved the management level of construction enterprises. In 2000, New Zhongda Software acquired Hangzhou Trina and entered the project management software market. The project management and enterprise management of construction enterprises entered the era of internal collaboration.
BIM boom, building digitization from internal collaboration to industrial collaboration数字化转型网www.szhzxw.cn
The essence of the application of BIM is “building” as the core to realize the management of the whole life cycle of the building. In recent years, when it comes to building digitalization, BIM is basically the word. This understanding, whether it is government agencies, industry associations, or construction enterprises, seems to maintain a high degree of attention and good expectations for BIM. In fact, BIM is not new. It was proposed by an American scholar in 1975. Since then, with the introduction and development of many countries, it has gradually formed the core technology of the world’s construction industry.
The core of BIM is to use digital technology to realize the integration of the whole life cycle information of buildings from planning, design, construction, operation and maintenance to demolition. The information of the whole life cycle of the building can be shared and transmitted among all the participants of the construction project (including government authorities, owners, design, construction, supervision, cost, operation management, project households, etc.), which can improve production efficiency, save costs and shorten the construction period. On the surface, BIM seems to be the upgrade evolution of early CAD, but the deep information sharing at the industrial chain level is the development direction of digitalization in the construction industry.
The implementation of BIM also needs to get through the enterprise information of different division of labor in the industrial chain, which is exactly the same as the missing of the industrial Internet.
The practical application of BIM not only needs to get through the informatization of various departments of the enterprise, but also needs to get through the enterprise information of different division of labor in the industrial chain, which is exactly the same as the missing of the industrial Internet.
At present, the digital construction of some large construction enterprises focuses on internal process management, and further transforms to industrial synergy. On the one hand, industrial coordination benefits from the promotion of the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development. The Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development proposes that by the end of 2020, Grade-A survey and design units in the construction industry as well as first-class and first-class building construction enterprises should master and realize the integrated application of BIM with enterprise management system and other information technologies. Industrial synergy, on the other hand, comes from the needs of enterprises’ own development. China Construction Cloud Construction Network, China Railway Luban Network, Shanghai Construction Builder, all through the digitalization of supply chain, connecting upstream and downstream enterprises. It has become the consensus of large construction enterprises to use supply chain digitalization to reduce cost and increase efficiency.
Supply chain digitization is a typical application scenario of construction industry collaboration
The digitization of supply chain can help enterprises manage multiple projects in different places and improve management efficiency.
The construction industry has the characteristics of scattered construction sites, high value chain dispersion and short project cycle, leading to high supply chain cost. Usually, the construction period of a construction project varies from several months to several years. During the construction period, the main material suppliers such as steel, various ground material suppliers, and subcontracting partners should be constructed. When the project is expanded in different places. The original supply system is low in reuse and needs to be rebuilt. Taking Yunzhu.com as an example, China Construction and other procurement units of Yunzhu.com can share 360,000 suppliers on the platform. Which can reduce the sourcing cycle and procurement cost of construction enterprises. Meanwhile, through localized scale efficiency, the service capacity of suppliers and logistics providers can be improved. And the synergy efficiency of the whole industrial chain can be improved.数字化转型网www.szhzxw.cn
Supply chain digitization can help enterprises reduce efficiency.
According to data released by the China Building Association. The average net interest rate of Chinese construction companies is about 3.5%. In the construction project cost, the procurement cost (including materials, labor, machinery and equipment, etc.) accounts for about 80% of the overall cost, which is an important part of the project cost. In recent years, large construction enterprises have implemented B2B gathering platform to reduce procurement costs and improve procurement efficiency through digital means. According to incomplete calculation, after the implementation of supply chain digitization. The average procurement cost will be reduced by about 1%~3%. And every 1% reduction in procurement cost will increase the profit margin by 5%. Which is of great significance for the construction industry with low net interest rate.
Supply chain digitization can solve the financing difficulties and high financing costs of construction enterprises.
In the financial field of the traditional supply chain, warehouse receipt financing and mortgage financing are relatively common. And financing is difficult, financing cycle is long, and financing cost is high. The alliance chain of Mustang Technology links construction procurement, contracts, bills and other data to achieve value transmission. On the one hand, it solves the problem of suppliers’ trust in the supply chain platform. On the other hand, it facilitates the sharing of supply chain data with financial service institutions. And facilitates the platform enterprises to embed in the supply chain financial business. The “Building Chain Wisdom Finance” of Zhujicai applies blockchain technology to store data on the chain. Helping construction enterprises realize multi-party data transmission of supply chain data from core enterprises to logistics providers and suppliers. And the financing amount through the platform has exceeded 1 billion yuan.
Supply chain digitization plays an important role in social governance.
In the first quarter of this year, due to the impact of public health events, people started to “squat at home” mode, all kinds of materials are in shortage, and the supply chain of construction projects is also facing the risk of rupture. From the industrial level, a comprehensive grasp of suppliers’ geographical location, inventory and production capacity, upstream and downstream conditions, and linkage with natural disasters and traffic dynamic data can help enterprises establish plans and ensure the smooth development of major national projects. At the beginning of the year, two hospitals in Wuhan, Leishenshan and Huoshenshan, were built rapidly during the epidemic. “China speed” once again drew global attention, and the digitalization of the supply chain also played a major role.
Supply chain digitization is the foundation of construction industry collaboration.
In the early stage, construction enterprises made the bidding and procurement system online. Which solved the transformation from online to online. But the quantity and quality of suppliers still could not maximize the procurement efficiency and optimize the procurement cost. It is an inevitable trend for the single enterprise based bidding and procurement system to evolve into an industrial gathering platform.
Multiple purchasers (construction parties) settle in the platform, and enterprises can share suppliers, material information and logistics providers, and leverage sporadic MRO, supply chain finance and other enterprise services with bulk material purchase, forming a set of industrial chain coordination platform, and transforming suppliers, logistics providers and financial service institutions with digital means. Solve the problems of material circulation, capital turnover, information transmission and so on in the operation process of industrial chain enterprises. The construction collection and mining platforms invested by China Construction Cloud Construction Network, Nantong Construction Three Investment Co., LTD., and steel e-commerce Lange collection and mining platforms are all practitioners of industrial collection and mining platforms in the construction industry.
Building digital construction, can not blindly satellite, should be pragmatic
Digital construction usually has three stages, that is, post and department digitization, enterprise internal digitization and industry digitization. In the digitization stage of posts and departments, the basic solution is the digitization of operation layer. And in the internal digitization, the main solution is the digitalization of enterprise management. The digitalization application in these two stages is mainly the internal application of enterprises. And the product selection is more flexible. The stage of industrial digital collaboration relies on the ecological construction of the industrial chain and the interconnectivity of the internal resources of the enterprise, with relatively large constraints.
Let’s talk about four ways of building digital construction.
First, cooperating with mature ISVs (independent software developers) to purchase mature products has the advantages of fast and relatively low cost. While the disadvantages are weak autonomy of enterprises and low degree of fit between products and enterprises. This method is more suitable for small and medium-sized construction enterprises.数字化转型网www.szhzxw.cn
Second, cooperate with the development team to customize software. Which has the advantages of customization on the basis of semi-finished products, fast development cycle and moderate cost. The disadvantage is that enterprises usually do not have complete intellectual property rights. Which is more suitable for large and medium-sized construction enterprises and enterprises with high requirements for digital refinement.
Third, self-established team development has the advantages of high fit between digital construction and enterprise process and management. And the enterprise has complete intellectual property rights. The disadvantages are high development cost, long development cycle. And mature IT management ability, which is more suitable for large construction enterprises or their independent technology companies. And can build their own digital ecosystem according to this and export.
Fourth, the strong united to build a platform. Nantong No. 2 Construction Company, Nantong No. 4 Construction Company and Longxin Construction Company, etc. Jointly build a digital supply chain platform. The advantage of this method is resource sharing and rapid ecological construction. The disadvantage is that the mode design is difficult and requires a strong core enterprise to take the lead and take responsibility.
In the implementation of digital construction, the four methods are usually mixed.
For example, financial software and project management software with a high degree of standardization can be purchased directly. But the material supply chain or labor supply chain with a high degree of individuation can be customized development or self-built team development. And the construction method can be evaluated according to the business.数字化转型网www.szhzxw.cn
Building digitization can not blindly release satellite, should be pragmatic.
A first-grade construction enterprise with an annual output value of 2 billion. In addition to the software owned by the financial department, QQ and wechat are used for information transmission and data sharing for other internal management. A first-level enterprise in the same region has set up its own software research and development team to conduct the research and development of enterprise management software. And has a profound understanding of the process and standardization of digitalization. We have noticed that some leading construction enterprises have been implementing BIM promotion and smart construction site construction. But most construction enterprises are still in the digital construction from 0 to 1. In digital construction, they should not blindly compare with each other, arbitrarily set targets and set satellites. But should be pragmatic and proceed steadily and step by step, aiming at operating profits and management efficiency.数字化转型网www.szhzxw.cn
This year, the central government proposed a major deployment to promote new infrastructure construction and the development of digital economy. The digitalization of the construction industry should be closely combined with the central government’s deployment. The core of the industrial Internet in the new infrastructure is the digitalization of the supply chain. Which is known as the nervous system of the industry and its importance is self-evident. The digitization of the construction industry needs to be issued from the digitalization of the supply chain. On the one hand, it promotes the reform of the supply side of the construction industry. On the other hand, it helps enterprises to reduce cost and increase efficiency, and improve productivity. On the other hand, it promotes industrial collaborative sharing, connects the whole industrial chain. And integrates into the tide of the digital economy.
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