本文为数字化转型网erp企业资源计划专题文章系列三：信息技术在企业管理学上的应用发展阶段？ERP的生产特点是什么？ERP的主要特点有哪些？企业上ERP系统/软件有什么好处和存在什么问题？
一、信息技术在企业管理学上的应用发展阶段
信息技术在企业管理学上的应用可分做如下发展阶段：数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
信息技术在企业管理学上的应用发展阶段一：MIS 系统阶段 (Management Information System)
企业的信息管理系统主要是记录大量原始数据、支持查询、汇总等方面的工作。
信息技术在企业管理学上的应用发展阶段二：MRP阶段 (Material Require Planning)
企业的信息管理系统对产品构成进行管理，借助计算机的运算能力及系统对客户订单，在库物料，产品构成的管理能力，实现依据客户订单，按照产品结构清单展开并计算物料需求计划。实现减少库存，优化库存的管理目标。数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
信息技术在企业管理学上的应用发展阶段三：MRP II 阶段 (Manufacture Resource Planning)
在 MRP 管理系统的基础上，系统增加了对企业生产中心、加工工时、生产能力等方面的管理，以实现计算机进行生产和排产的功能，同时也将财务的功能囊括进来，在企业中形成以计算机为核心的闭环管理系统，这种管理系统已能动态监察到产、供、销的全部生产过程。数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
信息技术在企业管理学上的应用发展阶段四：ERP 阶段 (Enterprise Resource Planning)
进入 ERP 阶段后，以计算机为核心的企业级的管理系统更为成熟，系统增加了包括财务预测、生产能力、调整资源调度等方面的功能。配合企业实现JIT管理全面、质量管理和生产资源调度管理及辅助决策的功能。成为企业进行生产管理及决策的平台工具。
信息技术在企业管理学上的应用发展阶段五：电子商务时代的 ERP
Internet 技术的成熟为企业信息管理系统增加与客户或供应商实现信息共享和直接的数据交换的能力，从而强化了企业间的联系，形成共同发展的生存链，体现企业为达到生存竞争的供应链管理思想。ERP 系统相应实现这方面的功能，使决策者及业务部门实现跨企业的联合作战。数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
二、ERP的生产特点
ERP汇合了离散型生产和流程型生产的特点，面向全球市场，包罗了供应链上所有的主导和支持能力，协调企业各管理部门围绕市场导向，更加灵活或“柔性”地开展业务活动，实时地响应市场需求。为此，重新定义供应商、分销商和制造商相互之间的业务关系，重新构建企业的业务和信息流程及组织结构，使企业在市场竞争中有更大的能动性。数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
ERP是一种主要面向制造行业进行物质资源、资金资源和信息资源集成一体化管理的企业信息管理系统。ERP是一个以管理会计为核心可以提供跨地区、跨部门、甚至跨公司整合实时信息的企业管理软件。针对物资资源管理（物流）、人力资源管理（人流）、财务资源管理（财流）、信息资源管理（信息流）集成一体化的企业管理软件。数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
ERP的提出与计算机技术的高度发展是分不开的，用户对系统有更大的主动性，作为计算机辅助管理所涉及的功能已远远超过MRP II的范围。ERP的功能包括除了MRP II（制造、供销、财务）外，还包括多工厂管理、质量管理、实验室管理、设备维修管理、仓库管理、运输管理、过程控制接口、数据采集接口、电子通讯、电子邮件、法规与标准、项目管理、金融投资管理、市场信息管理等等。
ERP将重新定义各项业务及其相互关系，在管理和组织上采取更加灵活的方式，对供应链上供需关系的变动（包括法规、标准和技术发展造成的变动），同步、敏捷、实时地作出响应;在掌握准确、及时、完整信息的基础上，作出正确决策，能动地采取措施。数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
ERP与MRP II相比，ERP除了扩大管理功能外，同时还采用了计算机技术的最新成就，如扩大用户自定义范围、面向对象技术、客户机/服务器体系结构、多种数据库平台、SQL结构化查询语言、图形用户界面、4GL/CASE、窗口技术、人工智能、仿真技术等等。
三、ERP的主要特点有哪些数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
ERP把客户需求和企业内部的制造活动以及供应商的制造资源整合在一起，形成企业一个完整的供应链。
（一）ERP的三大核心管理思想
ERP的核心管理思想是什么？ERP的核心管理思想主要体现在以下三个方面：
1、ERP的核心管理思想体现在对整个供应链资源进行管理的思想；数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
2、ERP的核心管理思想体现在精益生产、敏捷制造和同步工程的思想；
3、ERP的核心管理思想体现在事先计划与事前控制的思想。
（二）ERP应用成功的四个标志数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
ERP成功应用的标志是什么？ERP应用成功的标志是：数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
1、系统运行集成化，软件的运作跨越多个部门标志着ERP的应用成功；
2、业务流程合理化，各级业务部门根据完全优化后的流程重新构建标志着ERP的应用成功；
3、绩效监控动态化，绩效系统能即时反馈以便纠正管理中存在的问题标志着ERP的应用成功；
4、管理改善持续化，企业建立一个可以不断自我评价和不断改善管理的机制标志着ERP的应用成功。
ERP具有整合性、系统性、灵活性、实时控制性等显著特点。ERP系统的供应链管理思想对企业提出了更高的要求，是企业在信息化社会、在知识经济时代繁荣发展的核心管理模式。数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
1、面向销售，ERP系统能够对市场快速响应。数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
面向销售，ERP系统能够对市场快速响应。ERP系统将供应链管理功能包含了进来，强调了供应商、制造商与分销商间的新的伙伴关系，并且支持企业后勤管理。
2、ERP系统更强调企业流程与工作流数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
ERP系统更强调企业流程与工作流，通过工作流实现企业的人员、财务、制造与分销间的集成，支持企业过程重组。数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
3、ERP系统纳入了产品数据管理PDM的功能
ERP系统纳入了产品数据管理PDM的功能，增加了对设计数据与过程的管理，并进一步加强了生产管理系统与CAD、CAM 系统的集成。数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
4、ERP系统更多地强调财务管理
ERP系统更多地强调财务管理，具有较完善的企业财务管理体系，这使价值管理概念得以实施，资金流与物流、信息流更加有机地结合。数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
5、ERP系统较多地考虑人的因素
ERP系统较多地考虑人的因素作为资源在生产经营规划中的作用，也考虑了人的培训成本等。
6、ERP支持MRP与JIT混合管理模式
ERP系统在生产制造计划中，ERP支持MRP与JIT混合管理模式，也支持多种生产方式（离散制造、连续流程制造等）的管理模式。
7、ERP系统采用了最新的计算机技术数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
ERP系统采用了最新的计算机技术，如客户/服务器分布式结构、面向对象技术、基于WEB技术的电子数据交换 （EDI）、多数据库集成、数据仓库、图形用户界面、第四代语言及辅助工具等。
四、企业使用ERP系统的优势弊端
企业使用ERP系统会存在哪些问题？使用ERP系统能够给企业带来什么好处？
（一）ERP系统的优势数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
ERP的优点主要体现在以下方面：
1、企业使用ERP系统可以缩短周转的时间；
2、企业使用ERP系统可以进行物流与资金流的集成；
3、企业使用ERP系统可以加强物料和生产计划；模拟不同市场状况对生产计划、能力需求计划、物料采购计划和储运等工作的影响；
4、企业使用ERP系统可以增强企业对经营环境改变的快速反应能力；
5、企业使用ERP系统可以实现管理层对信息的实时和在线查询；
6、企业使用ERP系统可以为企业决策提供更加准确、及时的财务报告；
7、企业使用ERP系统可以及时提供各种管理报告、分析数据；
8、ERP系统本身具有严格的内部控制功能。数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
（二）中国企业实施ERP系统存在的问题
中国企业实施ERP存在的问题有哪些？怎么样去解决实施ERP过程中出现的问题？
中国企业实施ERP系统仍存在一些问题，主要表现为：
中国企业实施ERP系统存在的问题一：大量的外来词汇设置了较高的ERP心理门槛。
中国企业实施ERP系统存在的第一个问题是大量的外来词汇设置了较高的ERP心理门槛。大量的外来词汇设置了较高的ERP心理门槛。围绕ERP系统集合了 BPR、JIT、CIMS、虚拟企业、协同商务等庞大的新名词和外文词汇，为广大的企业管理人员设立了心理门槛，对于ERP实施过程的把握显得非常难。
中国企业实施ERP系统存在的问题二：国外的ERP系统科学规范但不符合中国特色
中国企业实施ERP系统存在的第二问题是国外的ERP系统规范但不符合中国特色国外ERP软件商有非常规范的ERP实施方法，但是不太了解我国企业的实际需求和定制过程。数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
中国企业实施ERP系统存在的问题三：国内ERP厂商懂中国特色但不科学规范
中国企业实施ERP系统存在的第三个问题是国内ERP厂商懂中国特色但不科学规范 国内众多ERP企业管理软件商有丰富的ERP实施经验，但无科学规范的实施方法。
中国企业实施ERP系统存在的问题四：第三方公司提供的ERP服务难以落地
中国企业实施ERP系统存在的第四个问题是第三方公司提供的ERP服务难以落地。ERP软件商、提供业务流程重组的咨询公司、政府部门提供的ERP服务、倡导第三方监督的监理大都从自己的角度提供ERP实施建议和经验，但是企业由于不能全面看到具体的实施周期，使得企业不能深入了解具体的ERP实施方法和具体实施活动。数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
因此，选择一个合适的供应商是有利于企业成功实施ERP的关键。
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ERP企业资源计划专题系列（三）：信息技术在企业管理学上的应用发展阶段？ERP的生产特点是什么？ERP的主要特点有哪些？企业上ERP系统/软件有什么好处和存在什么问题？翻译：
This paper is a series of articles on erp resource planning of Digital Transformation network: The application and development stage of information technology in enterprise management? What are the characteristics of ERP production? What are the main features of ERP? What are the benefits and problems of ERP systems/software in the enterprise?数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
First, the application and development stage of information technology in enterprise management
The application of information technology in enterprise management can be divided into the following stages:数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
The Application and development Stage of Information Technology in Enterprise Management: MIS (Management Information System)
Enterprise information management system is mainly to record a large number of original data, support query, summary and other aspects of the work.数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
The second stage of the application and development of information technology in enterprise management: MRP stage (Material Require Planning)数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
Enterprise information management system for product composition management, with the computing power of the computer and the system of customer orders, in the storage of materials, product composition management ability, according to the customer order, according to the product structure list to expand and calculate the material demand plan. Achieve the management objectives of reducing inventory and optimizing inventory.数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
The application of information technology in enterprise management science development stage 3: Manufacture Resource Planning Phase II (MRP)
On the basis of MRP management system, the system increases the management of enterprise production center, processing hours, production capacity and other aspects, so as to realize the function of computer production and production scheduling. At the same time, it also includes the function of finance, forming a closed-loop management system with computer as the core in the enterprise. This management system has been able to dynamically monitor the production, supply, marketing of the entire production process.数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
The application and development stage of information technology in Enterprise management four: ERP stage (Enterprise Resource Planning)数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
After entering the ERP stage, the enterprise-level management system with computer as the core is more mature, and the system has increased the functions including financial forecasting, production capacity, adjustment of resource scheduling and so on. Cooperate with enterprises to achieve JIT management, quality management and production resource scheduling management and auxiliary decision-making functions. Become the enterprise production management and decision-making platform tool.
The application of information technology in the management of enterprises development stage five: ERP in the era of e-commerce
The maturity of Internet technology for enterprise information management system and customers or suppliers to increase the ability to achieve information sharing and direct data exchange, so as to strengthen the relationship between enterprises, the formation of common development of the survival chain, reflecting the supply chain management ideas of enterprises to achieve survival competition. ERP system realizes the function in this respect, so that decision makers and business departments can realize cross-enterprise joint operations.数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
Two, ERP production characteristics
ERP integrates the characteristics of discrete production and process-based production, faces the global market, covers all the leading and supporting capabilities of the supply chain, and coordinates the management departments of the enterprise to carry out business activities in a more flexible or “flexible” manner around the market orientation, and responds to the market demand in real time. To this end, the business relationship between suppliers, distributors and manufacturers is redefined, and the business and information process and organizational structure of enterprises are rebuilt, so that enterprises can have greater initiative in market competition.数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
ERP is a kind of enterprise information management system which mainly carries on the integrated management of material resources, capital resources and information resources for manufacturing industry. ERP is a management accounting as the core of the enterprise management software can provide cross-region, cross-department, and even cross-company integration of real-time information. An integrated enterprise management software for material resource management (logistics), human resource management (people flow), financial resource management (financial flow), information resource management (information flow).数字化转
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The introduction of ERP is inseparable from the high development of computer technology. Users have greater initiative to the system. As a computer-aided management, the functions involved have far exceeded the scope of MRP II. The functions of ERP include not only MRP II (manufacturing, supply and marketing, finance), but also multi-plant management, quality management, laboratory management, equipment maintenance management, warehouse management, transportation management, process control interface, data acquisition interface, electronic communication, E-mail, regulations and standards, project management, financial investment management, market information management and so on.
数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
ERP will redefine various businesses and their relationships, adopt a more flexible approach in management and organization, and respond synchronously, flexibly and in real time to changes in supply and demand relations in the supply chain (including changes caused by regulations, standards and technological development). On the basis of mastering accurate, timely and complete information, make correct decisions and take active measures.数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
Compared with MRP II, ERP not only expands the management function, but also adopts the latest achievements of computer technology. Such as expanding the scope of user customization, object-oriented technology, client/server architecture, multiple database platforms, SQL structured query language, graphical user interface, 4GL/CASE, window technology, artificial intelligence, simulation technology and so on.数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
What are the main characteristics of ERP
ERP integrates customer demand, internal manufacturing activities and suppliers’ manufacturing resources together to form a complete supply chain.
(I) Three core management ideas of ERP
What is the core management idea of ERP? The core management ideas of ERP are mainly reflected in the following three aspects:
- The core management idea of ERP is embodied in the idea of managing the entire supply chain resources;
- The core management ideas of ERP are embodied in the ideas of lean production, agile manufacturing and synchronous engineering;
- The core management thought of ERP is reflected in the thought of pre-planning and pre-control.
(2) Four symbols of successful ERP application数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
What are the signs of a successful ERP application? The signs of successful ERP application are:
- Integrated system operation and software operation across multiple departments mark the success of ERP application;
- Rationalization of business processes; reconstruction of business departments at all levels according to fully optimized processes marks the successful application of ERP;
- Dynamic performance monitoring, with the performance system providing immediate feedback to correct problems existing in management, marks the successful application of ERP;
- Continuous management improvement, the establishment of a mechanism that can constantly self-evaluate and improve management marks the success of ERP application.
ERP is characterized by integration, systematism, flexibility and real-time control. The supply chain management thought of ERP system puts forward higher requirements for enterprises, and is the core management mode for enterprises to prosper in the information society and the era of knowledge economy.数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
For sales, ERP system can respond quickly to the market.
For sales, ERP system can respond to the market quickly. The ERP system incorporates supply chain management capabilities, emphasizes new partnerships between suppliers, manufacturers and distributors, and supports enterprise logistics management.
ERP system puts more emphasis on enterprise process and workflow
ERP system lays more emphasis on enterprise process and workflow, through the workflow to realize the integration of enterprise personnel, finance, manufacturing and distribution, and support enterprise process reorganization.数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
ERP system incorporates the function of product data management PDM
ERP system includes PDM function of product data management, increases the management of design data and process, and further strengthens the integration of production management system with CAD, CAM system.
ERP system lays more emphasis on financial management数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
ERP system lays more emphasis on financial management and has a relatively perfect enterprise financial management system, which enables the implementation of the concept of value management and more organic combination of capital flow with logistics and information flow.
ERP system considers more human factors
ERP system mainly considers the role of human factors as resources in production and management planning, as well as the cost of human training.
ERP supports mixed management mode of MRP and JIT
ERP system In the production and manufacturing planning, ERP supports the mixed management mode of MRP and JIT, and also supports the management mode of various production modes (discrete manufacturing, continuous process manufacturing, etc.).
ERP system adopts the latest computer technology
ERP system adopts the latest computer technology, such as client/server distributed structure, object-oriented technology, electronic Data Interchange (EDI) based on WEB technology, multi-database integration, data warehouse, graphical user interface, fourth generation language and auxiliary tools.
Advantages and disadvantages of ERP system
What problems do enterprises have when using ERP system? What benefits can ERP systems bring to the enterprise?
(1) Advantages of ERP system
The advantages of ERP are mainly reflected in the following aspects:
- The ERP system can shorten the turnaround time;
- Enterprises can integrate logistics and capital flow by using ERP system;
- Enterprises can strengthen material and production planning by using ERP system; Simulate the impact of different market conditions on production planning, capacity demand planning, material purchase planning, storage and transportation, etc.
- ERP system can enhance enterprises’ ability to respond quickly to changes in business environment;
- Enterprises can use ERP system to realize real-time and online information query by management;
- ERP system can provide more accurate and timely financial reports for enterprise decision-making;
- ERP system can provide various management reports and analysis data in time;
- The ERP system itself has strict internal control function.
(2) Problems existing in the implementation of ERP system in Chinese enterprises
What are the problems of ERP implementation in Chinese enterprises? How to solve the problems in the implementation of ERP?
There are still some problems in the implementation of ERP system in Chinese enterprises, mainly as follows:
The first problem of ERP system implementation in Chinese enterprises: a large number of foreign words set a high psychological threshold of ERP.数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
The first problem of ERP system implementation in Chinese enterprises is that a large number of foreign words set a high psychological threshold of ERP. A large number of foreign words set a high ERP psychological threshold. Around the ERP system, the collection of BPR, JIT, CIMS, virtual enterprise, collaborative business and other huge new terms and foreign words, set up a psychological threshold for the majority of enterprise managers, it is very difficult to grasp the implementation process of ERP.
The second problem of ERP system implementation in Chinese enterprises: the foreign ERP system is scientific and standard but does not conform to Chinese characteristics数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
The second problem in the implementation of ERP system in Chinese enterprises is that foreign ERP system specifications do not conform to Chinese characteristics. Foreign ERP software vendors have very standard implementation methods of ERP, but they do not know much about the actual needs and customization process of Chinese enterprises.
The third problem of ERP system implementation in Chinese enterprises: Domestic ERP manufacturers understand Chinese characteristics but are not scientific and standardized
The third problem in the implementation of ERP system in Chinese enterprises is that domestic ERP manufacturers understand Chinese characteristics but do not scientifically standardize many domestic ERP enterprise management software manufacturers have rich experience in ERP implementation, but no scientific and standardized implementation methods.数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
Fourth, problems existing in the implementation of ERP system in Chinese enterprises: It is difficult to implement ERP services provided by third-party companies
The fourth problem in the implementation of ERP system by Chinese enterprises is that it is difficult to implement ERP services provided by third-party companies. ERP software providers, consulting companies providing business process reengineering, ERP services provided by government departments, and supervisors advocating third-party supervision mostly provide ERP implementation suggestions and experience from their own perspective. However, because enterprises cannot fully see the specific implementation cycle, they cannot deeply understand the specific implementation methods and activities of ERP.
Therefore, choosing a suitable supplier is the key to the successful implementation of ERP.
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