本文为数字化转型网erp专题文章系列五：ERP管理软件是什么？ERP管理软件的发展历史？ERP管理软件的核心内容是什么？ERP与企业资源的关系是什么？ERP的作用是什么？数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
一、什么是ERP管理软件
（一）ERP管理软件概念及简介
1、ERP管理软件是一个以管理会计为核心的信息系统数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
什么是erp管理软件？erp管理软件是什么？ERP管理软件是一个以管理会计为核心的信息系统，识别和规划企业资源，从而获取客户订单，完成加工和交付，最后得到客户付款。 ERP管理软件将企业内部所有资源整合在一起，对采购、生产、成本、库存、分销、运输、财务、人力资源进行规划，从而达到最佳资源组合，取得最佳效益。企业处在日新月异的市场机遇、价格和服务水平等的挑战环境中，必须不断改变、改善企业经营模式，提高企业竞争力。以往仅仅关注于企业内部的流程改善，产品开发和制造水平的提高已经不足以面对现时的市场环境。
2、ERP具有集成性、先进性、统一性、完整性、开放性的特点。
所谓ERP是英文Enterprise Resource Planning(企业资源计划)的简写。数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
它是一个以管理会计为核心可以提供跨地区、跨部门、甚至跨公司整合实时信息的企业管理系统，具有集成性、先进性、统一性、完整性、开放性的特点。
换言之， erp 将企业内部所有资源整合在一起从而获取客户订单，完成加工和交付，最后得到客户付款。ERP把所有资源整合在一起，对采购、生产、成本、库存、分销、运输、财务、人力资源进行规划，从而达到最佳资源组合，取得最佳效益。数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
ERP管理软件是指建立在信息技术基础上，以系统化的管理思想，为企业决策层及员工提供决策运行手段的管理平台。ERP系统集中信息技术与先进的管理思想于一身，成为现代企业的运行模式，反映时代对企业合理调配资源，最大化地创造社会财富的要求，成为企业在信息时代生存、发展的基石。
（二）从管理思想、软件产品、管理系统三个层次定义ERP系统
进一步地，我们可以从管理思想、软件产品、管理系统三个层次给出erp系统的定义：
1、从管理思想层次定义ERP系统
ERP系统是由美国著名的计算机技术咨询和评估集团Garter Group Inc.提出的一整套企业管理系统体系标准，其实质是在MRP II（Manufacturing Resources Planning,“制造资源计划”） 基础上进一步发展而成的面向供应链（Supply Chain）的管理思想；数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
2．从软件产品层次定义ERP系统
ERP系统是综合应用了客户机/服务器体系、关系数据库结构、面向对象技术、图形用户界面、第四代语言（4GL）、网络通讯等信息产业成果，以ERP管理思想为灵魂的软件产品；
3．从管理系统层次定义ERP系统数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
ERP系统是整合了企业管理理念、业务流程、基础数据、人力物力、计算机硬件和软件于一体的企业资源管理系统。
（三）按职能类别了解erp
按职能类别了解ERP：
1、从财务/会计角度理解erp数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
实时完整的帐款信息，适时催帐与客户信用额度管制，符合营业税法兼顾内稽内控准则
2、从采购/业务角度理解erp
满足企业采购基本工作，确实掌控订单处理状况，实时记录异动数据，精确掌握进度，达到客户要求交期
3、从生产制造角度理解erp数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
确实掌握生产进度、备料计划、制程及外包管理，实时核算生产成本，缩短制造周期，提高产能利用率、降低制造成本
4、从中高阶主管角度理解erp数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
实时整合信息有效掌握公司营运状况，延伸 ERP视野，结合经营理念提升企业竞争力
二、ERP管理软件的历史及发展数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
ERP从何而来？ERP软件/系统的发展史怎么样？ERP是从MRP(物料资源计划)发展而来的新一代集成化管理信息系统，ERP扩展了MRP的功能，ERP核心思想是供应链管理，ERP跳出了传统企业边界，从供应链范围去优化企业的资源，ERP系统是基于网络经济时代的新一代信息系统。ERP系统对于改善企业业务流程、提高企业核心竞争力的作用是显而易见的。ERP是在20世纪80年代初开始出现的。从90年代开始，以SAP、Oracle为代表的国际著名ERP产品进入中国，并迅速扩展。接着，国内也相继出现了一些早期ERP产品，例如炜邦ERP、天志ERP、开思ERP、利玛ERP、和佳ERP及博科ERP等。数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
三、ERP管理系统的核心内容数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
ERP管理系统的核心内容是什么？企业内部管理所需的业务应用系统，主要是指财务、物流、人力资源等核心模块。
（一）ERP管理系统中的核心模块一：物流管理系统
物流管理系统是erp管理系统的核心模块之一。物流管理系统采用了制造业的MRP管理思想。
（二）ERP管理系统中的核心模块二：财务管理系统数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
财务管理系统的erp管理系统的核心模块之一。FMIS有效地实现了预算管理、业务评估、管理会计、ABC成本归集方法等现代基本财务管理方法。
（三）ERP管理系统中的核心模块三：人力资源管理系统
人力资源管理系统是erp管理系统的核心模块之一。人力资源管理系统在组织机构设计、岗位管理、薪酬体系以及人力资源开发等方面同样集成了先进的理念。数字化数字化转型网szhzxw.cn转型网szhzxw.cn
ERP系统是一个在全公司范围内应用的、高度集成的系统。数据在各业务系统之间高度共享，所有源数据只需在某一个系统中输入一次，保证了数据的一致性。数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
对公司内部业务流程和管理过程进行了优化，主要的业务流程实现了自动化。
采用了计算机最新的主流技术和体系结构：B/S、INTERNET体系结构，WINDOWS界面。在能通信的地方都可以方便地接入到系统中来。数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
四、ERP管理系统的作用数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
具体来讲，ERP与企业资源的关系、ERP的作用以及与信息技术的发展的关系等可以表述如下：
1、企业资源与ERP数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
厂房、生产线、加工设备、检测设备、运输工具等都是企业的硬件资源，人力、管理、信誉、融资能力、组织结构、员工的劳动热情等就是企业的软件资源。企业运行发展中，这些资源相互作用，形成企业进行生产活动、完成客户订单、创造社会财富、实现企业价值的基础，反映企业在竞争发展中的地位。
ERP系统的管理对象便是上述各种资源及生产要素，通过ERP的使用，使企业的生产过程能及时、高质地完成客户的订单，最大程度地发挥这些资源的作用，并根据客户订单及生产状况做出调整资源的决策。
2.、调整运用企业资源数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
企业发展的重要标志便是合理调整和运用上述的资源，在没有ERP这样的现代化管理工具时，企业资源状况及调整方向不清楚，要做调整安排是相当困难的，调整过程会相当漫长，企业的组织结构只能是金字塔形的，部门间的协作交流相对较弱，资源的运行难於比较把握，并做出调整。信息技术的发展，特别是针对企业资源进行管理而设计的ERP系统正是针对这些问题设计的，成功推行的结果必使企业能更好地运用资源。数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
3. 信息技术对资源管理作用的阶段发展过程数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
计算机技术特别是数据库技术的发展为企业建立管理信息系统，甚至对改变管理思想起著不可估量的作用，管理思想的发展与信息技术的发展是互成因果的环路。而实践证明信息技术已在企业的管理层面扮演越来越重要的角色。数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
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ERP专题文章系列（五）：ERP管理软件是什么？ERP管理软件的发展历史？ERP管理软件的核心内容是什么？ERP与企业资源的关系是什么？ERP的作用是什么？翻译：
This article is the digital transformation network erp special article series five: ERP management software is what? ERP management software development history? What is the core content of ERP management software? What is the relationship between ERP and enterprise resources? What does ERP do? Digital transformation network szhzxw.cn
First, what is ERP management software
(I) Concept and introduction of ERP management software
ERP management software is an information system digital transformation network szhzxw.cn with management accounting as the core
What is erp management software? What is erp management software? ERP management software is an information system with management accounting as the core, which can identify and plan enterprise resources, so as to obtain customer orders, complete processing and delivery, and finally get customer payment. ERP management software integrates all internal resources of the enterprise together, planning procurement, production, cost, inventory, distribution, transportation, finance and human resources, so as to achieve the best combination of resources and achieve the best benefits. Enterprises in the changing market opportunities, price and service level of the challenge environment, must constantly change, improve the business model, enhance the competitiveness of enterprises. In the past, only focusing on the improvement of internal process, product development and manufacturing level is no longer enough to face the current market environment.
ERP has the characteristics of integration, advanced nature, unity, integrity and openness.
ERP is short for Enterprise Resource Planning. Digital transformation network szhzxw.cn
It is an enterprise management system with management accounting as the core, which can provide cross-region, cross-department and even cross-company integration of real-time information. It has the characteristics of integration, advancement, unity, integrity and openness.
In other words, erp integrates all internal resources of the enterprise to obtain customer orders, complete processing and delivery, and finally get customer payment. ERP integrates all resources together, planning procurement, production, cost, inventory, distribution, transportation, finance and human resources, so as to achieve the best combination of resources and achieve the best benefits. Digital transformation network szhzxw.cn
ERP management software is a management platform which is built on the basis of information technology and provides decision-making operation means for the enterprise decision-making level and employees with systematic management ideas. ERP system integrates information technology and advanced management ideas, and becomes the operation mode of modern enterprises. It reflects the requirements of The Times for enterprises to allocate resources reasonably and create social wealth to the maximum, and becomes the cornerstone for enterprises to survive and develop in the information age.
(2) Define ERP system from three levels: management idea, software product and management system
Further, we can give the definition of erp system from three levels: management thought, software product and management system.
Define ERP system from the level of management thought
ERP system is developed by Garter Group Inc., a famous American computer technology consulting and evaluation group. A set of enterprise management system system standard, its essence is further developed on the basis of MRP II (Manufacturing Resources Planning, “manufacturing resources planning”) oriented to Supply Chain (Supply Chain) management thought; Digital transformation network szhzxw.cn
Define ERP systems from the software product level
ERP system is a software product that integrates client/server system, relational database structure, object-oriented technology, graphical user interface, fourth generation language (4GL), network communication and other information industry achievements, and takes ERP management thought as the soul.
Define ERP system digital transformation network szhzxw.cn from the management system level
ERP system is an enterprise resource management system integrating enterprise management concept, business process, basic data, human and material resources, computer hardware and software in one.
(III) Understand erp by functional category
Understanding ERP by functional category:
Understand erp digital transformation network szhzxw.cn from the perspective of finance/accounting
Real-time complete account information, timely reminder and customer credit limit control, in line with the business tax law and internal control standards
Understand erp from purchasing/business perspective
To meet the basic work of enterprise procurement, really control the order processing situation, real-time recording of abnormal data, accurate grasp of the progress, to meet customer requirements of delivery
Understand erp digital transformation network szhzxw.cn from the perspective of production and manufacturing
Master the production schedule, material preparation plan, manufacturing process and outsourcing management, calculate the production cost in real time, shorten the manufacturing cycle, improve the capacity utilization rate and reduce the manufacturing cost
Understand erp digital transformation network szhzxw.cn from the perspective of middle and senior executives
Real-time integration of information to effectively master the company’s operating conditions, extend ERP vision, combined with business philosophy to enhance enterprise competitiveness
Ii. History and Development of ERP management software
Where did ERP come from? What is the history of ERP software/system? ERP is a new generation of integrated management information system developed from MRP(material resource planning). ERP extends the function of MRP. The core idea of ERP is supply chain management. It is obvious that ERP system plays an important role in improving enterprise business process and core competitiveness. ERP began to appear in the early 1980s. Since the 1990s, the internationally famous ERP products represented by SAP and Oracle entered China and expanded rapidly. Then, some early ERP products appeared successively in China, such as Weibang ERP, Tianzhi ERP, Kisco ERP, Lima ERP, Hejia ERP and Brocade ERP. Digital transformation network szhzxw.cn
Third, the core content of ERP management system digital transformation network szhzxw.cn
What is the core content of ERP management system? The business application system required by the internal management of an enterprise mainly refers to the core modules such as finance, logistics and human resources.
(I) The core module of ERP management system: logistics management system
Logistics management system is one of the core modules of erp management system. Logistics management system adopts MRP management thought of manufacturing industry.
(2) The core module of ERP management system II: financial management system digital transformation network szhzxw.cn
Financial management system one of the core modules of erp management system. FMIS effectively realizes budget management, business evaluation, management accounting, ABC cost collection method and other modern basic financial management methods.
(III) The core module of ERP management system: human resource management system
Human resource management system is one of the core modules of erp management system. The human resource management system also integrates advanced concepts in organizational structure design, post management, salary system and human resource development. Digital transformation network szhzxw.cn Transformation network szhzxw.cn
ERP system is a company – wide application, highly integrated system. Data is highly shared among service systems, and all source data only needs to be entered once in a certain system to ensure data consistency. Digital transformation network szhzxw.cn
The internal business process and management process of the company were optimized, and the main business process was automated.
Adopted the latest mainstream technology and architecture of computer: B/S, INTERNET architecture, WINDOWS interface. In the place of communication can be conveniently connected to the system. Digital transformation network szhzxw.cn
Iv. The role of ERP Management system
Specifically speaking, the relationship between ERP and enterprise resources, the role of ERP and the relationship between ERP and the development of information technology can be expressed as follows:
Enterprise Resources and ERP Digital transformation network szhzxw.cn
Plant, production line, processing equipment, testing equipment, transportation, etc., are the hardware resources of an enterprise, while human resources, management, reputation, financing ability, organizational structure, labor enthusiasm of employees, etc., are the software resources of an enterprise. During the operation and development of enterprises, these resources interact with each other, forming the basis for enterprises to carry out production activities, fulfill customer orders, create social wealth and realize enterprise value, and reflecting the position of enterprises in the development of competition.
The management object of ERP system is the above resources and production factors. Through the use of ERP, the production process of the enterprise can complete the customer’s order in time and with high quality, give full play to the role of these resources to the maximum extent, and make decisions to adjust the resources according to the customer’s order and production situation.
Adjust and use the enterprise resources digital transformation network szhzxw.cn
An important symbol of enterprise development is reasonable adjustment and use of the above resources, without such a modern management tool as ERP, the situation of enterprise resources and the direction of adjustment is not clear, it is very difficult to make adjustment arrangements, the adjustment process will be quite long, the organizational structure of the enterprise can only be pyramid-shaped, the cooperation and communication between departments is relatively weak, The operation of resources is difficult to compare and adjust. The development of information technology, especially the ERP system designed for the management of enterprise resources is designed for these problems, the successful implementation of the result will make the enterprise better use of resources. Digital transformation network szhzxw.cn
The stage development process of the role of information technology in resource management
The development of computer technology, especially database technology, has played an inestimable role in establishing management information system for enterprises and even in changing management thinking. The development of management thinking and the development of information technology are mutually causal loops. The practice has proved that information technology has been playing an increasingly important role in the management level of enterprises.
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