普惠金融是关系人民群众获得感和幸福感的民心工程、民生事业。在党中央、国务院的正确领导下，经过金融管理部门、从业机构、行业协会等各方多年的共同努力，我国普惠金融发展取得显著成效。在全面建设社会主义现代化国家、向第二个百年奋斗目标进军的新征程上，应深入总结普惠金融探索实践和工作经验，精准把握普惠金融高质量发展的关键词，乘势而上开创中国特色普惠金融事业新格局。
一、我国普惠金融发展取得显著成效
党中央、国务院始终高度重视普惠金融发展。2013年，党的十八届三中全会提出“发展普惠金融”的重要任务。2015年，国务院印发《推进普惠金融发展规划（2016—2020年）》，正式将发展普惠金融确立为国家级战略规划。金融系统认真贯彻落实国家关于普惠金融发展的决策部署，坚持普惠金融工作的政治性、人民性，推动顶层政策规划与区域改革试验良性互动、有机结合，持续提升普惠金融服务能力和发展水平，使最广大人民群众得以公平分享金融改革发展的成果。
一是“几家抬”政策协同效应更加突出。激励性的货币信贷政策、差异化的监管政策和针对性的财税政策注重协同与衔接，推动从业机构综合运用专营机制、单列信贷计划、内部资源倾斜、尽职免责等措施，使普惠金融业务的内生发展动力得到有效激活，“敢做、愿做、能做、会做”的普惠金融经营机制加快建立。
二是基础金融服务覆盖面不断扩大。人民银行数据显示，截至2021年底，全国乡镇银行业金融机构覆盖率约为 98.2%，以银行卡助农取款服务为主体的基础支付服务村级行政区覆盖率达99.6%，金融服务渠道无障碍、适老化改造深入推进，手机银行、网上银行、非银行支付、互联网保险等数字金融服务快速发展，助力打通金融服务“最后一公里”。
三是重点领域普惠金融质效持续提升。中小微企业金融服务能力提升工程、金融机构服务乡村振兴考核评估、金融科技赋能乡村振兴示范工程等工作机制密集出台，小微企业、三农、新市民等重点领域的普惠金融工作力度不断增强。银保监会数据显示，普惠型小微企业贷款余额和普惠型涉农贷款余额近五年年均增速分别为24.4%和15.1%。
四是普惠金融基础设施进一步优化。我国已建成全球规模最大、收录人数最多的征信系统。人民银行数据显示，截至2022年6月末，全国金融信用信息基础数据库共收录11.4亿自然人和9689万户主体信息；地方征信平台、市场化征信机构建设有序推进，银税互动、银商合作、信易贷等信用信息共享与融资对接机制深入发展；各级政府性融资担保公司和风险补偿基金撬动更多金融资源配置到普惠领域，助力降低普惠金融业务的基础性成本。
五是金融消费者保护工作扎实有效。金融管理部门积极推进金融消费者保护基础性制度建设，加强金融消费者投诉渠道和金融纠纷多元化解机制建设，组织开展金融消费者权益日、金融知识普及月、消费者金融素养问卷调查等活动，推动金融核心概念纳入义务教育课程方案和课程标准，着力提高金融消费者的金融素养和风险意识。人民银行公布的2021年全国消费者金融素养指数为66.81分，比2019年提高2.04分。
对标国际水平来看，根据2022年6月世界银行发布的全球普惠金融调查数据，我国账户拥有率、数字支付使用率、储蓄参与率、借贷参与率等多项普惠金融核心指标均实现正增长，高于全球平均水平和中高收入经济体均值。
二、普惠金融高质量发展的五个关键词
2022年2月，中央全面深化改革委员会第二十四次会议审议通过了《推进普惠金融高质量发展的实施意见》，为新阶段普惠金融事业发展指明了方向，提出了要求。结合普惠金融发展的国内外实践和最新理论成果，笔者认为普惠金融高质量发展的任务要求可以总结为五个关键词。
第一个关键词是数字化。近年来，数字普惠金融作为数字技术驱动的普惠金融新模式，在拓宽金融服务覆盖面、提高金融服务质效等方面发挥了积极作用，但同时仍然存在一些偏差和误区，在下一步工作中应高度关注、针对性解决。一是坚持需求导向和问题导向，真正运用数字技术破解普惠金融面临的老问题、新堵点，避免陷入“为数字化而数字化”。二是加快数字渠道无障碍升级和适老化改造，发挥传统服务渠道的兜底保障作用，建立健全线上与线下相结合，“跑数”与“跑街”相融合的数字普惠金融运营体系，避免扩大数字鸿沟和技术性金融排斥。三是坚持普惠金融长期主义和工匠精神，扎扎实实干好数据治理、流程再造、客户运营等辛苦活、基础活，避免“使命漂移”的倾向。
第二个关键词是绿色化。实践表明，小微企业、农户等普惠群体容易受到气候和环境变化的冲击，同时这些长尾客群规模庞大，虽然个体碳排放量有限，但汇总起来的总量相当可观，因此普惠群体也是促进绿色低碳转型的重要力量。基于这样一种认识，绿色普惠金融作为普惠金融和绿色金融融合创新的产物，日益成为各方关注的新兴焦点，但总体而言仍处于初步探索阶段。下一步，应加快建设激励相容的绿色普惠金融政策支持体系，以主体资格、绿色识别、信息披露等为重点着力增加绿色普惠金融标准供给，引导从业机构探索绿色小额信贷、绿色供应链金融、绿色农业保险、绿色科创基金等产品创新，让普惠金融更绿色，让绿色金融更普惠，实现经济效益、社会效益、生态效益的综合提升。
第三个关键词是生态化。经过多年的发展与沉淀，我国普惠金融体系呈现出主体多元、高度关联、深度融合的生态特征，从业机构从单一的小额信贷机构拓展到传统金融机构与新兴业态主体良性竞合的多元化组织体系，服务渠道从最初的机构网点甚至田间地头发展到“网点+PC端+移动端”多端并存、线上线下有机结合的立体化渠道体系。下一步，应支持各从业机构持续发挥主动性和创造性，通过监管沙盒、创新测试、局部试点等方式，围绕业务、技术、数据和基础设施等领域，探索更多合法合规、风险可控、商业可持续的合作模式，构建更加健康平衡的普惠金融生态。
第四个关键词是负责任。近年来，负责任金融的理念在全球日益受到重视和践行。负责任金融注重发挥政府、市场和社会的共同力量，通过有效的激励约束机制，促进市场参与主体履职尽责，避免出现不当销售、掠夺性借贷、过度融资等不负责任的金融行为。在普惠金融领域，信用基础比较薄弱，客户金融素养和风险意识存在不足，倡导负责任金融的理念尤为重要。下一步，应加强从业机构行为规范和责任能力建设，通过信息披露、风险提示、伦理审查等手段，提高普惠金融市场透明度和消费者保护水平。同时，分类开展金融知识普及和风险教育，提升消费者金融素养，依法打击恶意骗贷、恶意逃废债、非法代理维权等行为。
第五个关键词是可持续。商业可持续是普惠金融发展的基本原则。近年来，在激励性政策支持和数字技术加持下，各类从业机构积极开展普惠金融产品和业务模式创新，推动普惠金融实现商业可持续性和成本可负担性的有效兼容。下一步，应继续优化普惠金融基础设施和政策环境，进一步破解普惠群体缺信息、缺信用、缺担保等痛点问题，引导和支持从业机构降低运营成本和风险成本。同时，从业机构也应进一步发挥主动性和创造性，通过科学管理、精细运营、科技创新等手段，探索形成更多合法合规、商业可持续的业务模式，实现普惠金融扩面、增质、降本、控险的统筹协调。
三、行业自律助力普惠金融高质量发展
中国互联网金融协会作为在数字化时代背景下诞生和发展的全国性金融行业自律组织,在金融管理部门的指导下，把推动普惠金融特别是数字普惠金融高质量发展作为工作的重中之重，在促进从业机构规范经营、夯实行业基础设施、推进行业标准建设、加强数字金融教育等方面开展了大量工作，取得初步成效。
一是促进从业机构规范经营。全力配合支持金融管理部门开展互联网金融风险专项整治、网络平台金融业务整改等工作，加强互联网金融行业数据统计和风险监测，扎实开展移动金融APP实名备案和自律检查，推进互联网金融反洗钱、互联网贷款综合年化成本披露和明示自律管理，联合多家金融行业协会开展“金融领域科技伦理自律公约”研制实施工作，引导和督促普惠金融从业机构稳慎经营、守正创新，助力营造更加诚信规范的普惠金融市场秩序。
二是持续夯实行业基础设施。按照“从行业中来，到行业中去”的工作思路，响应广大从业机构的迫切需求，建设完善互联网金融信息共享、供应链金融数字信息服务、数字函证、金融科技服务能力共享等平台系统，切实降低普惠金融从业机构特别是中小机构的数字化转型成本，提升从业机构开展数字普惠金融业务的能力。
三是扎实推进行业标准建设。按照顶层设计与急用先行相结合的思路，组织研制发布互联网金融信息披露、金融行业开源软件测评、移动金融APP测评、供应链金融监管仓等领域十余项团体标准，扎实推进人工智能、云计算、区块链、金融科技伦理、个人金融信息保护等金融标准宣贯落地，深入开展网上银行服务、金融分布式账本、移动金融APP等领域企业标准“领跑者”评估工作，为普惠金融发展提供有力的标准支撑。
四是深入开展数字金融教育。组织建设移动金融可信公共服务平台，为人民群众提供更加安全可靠的APP下载渠道，针对非同质化通证（NFT）、虚拟货币交易、首次代币发行（ICO）、现金贷等情况及时进行风险提示，广泛开展互联网金融知识进校园、公益广告、网络公开课等活动，着力提升消费者数字金融素养和风险防范意识。
下一步，中国互联网金融协会将继续在金融管理部门的指导下，以高度的政治责任感和历史使命感，切实发挥行业自律在“服务监管、服务行业、服务社会”方面的积极作用，与广大从业机构和社会各界一道共同推进普惠金融高质量发展，为建设中国式现代化、实现共同富裕积极贡献力量。
翻译：
Inclusive finance is a project of the people’s hearts that is related to their sense of gain and happiness. Under the correct leadership of the CPC Central Committee and The State Council, China has made remarkable progress in the development of inclusive finance through the joint efforts of financial authorities, professional organizations and industry associations over the years. On the new journey of building a modern socialist country in an all-round way and marching towards the second centenary goal, it is necessary to thoroughly summarize the practice and work experience of inclusive finance, accurately grasp the keywords of high-quality development of inclusive finance, and build on the momentum to create a new pattern of inclusive finance with Chinese characteristics.
1. Remarkable progress has been made in the development of inclusive finance
The CPC Central Committee and The State Council have always attached great importance to the development of inclusive finance. In 2013, the Third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee put forward the important task of “developing inclusive finance”. In 2015, The State Council issued the Plan for Promoting Inclusive Finance Development (2016-2020), officially establishing the development of inclusive finance as a national strategic plan. The financial system earnestly implements the national decisions and arrangements on the development of inclusive finance, adheres to the political and popular nature of inclusive finance work, promotes the positive interaction and organic combination of top-level policy planning and regional reform experiments, and continuously improves the service capacity and development level of inclusive finance, so that the maximum number of people can share the fruits of financial reform and development fairly.
First, the synergies of the “several lifting” policies have become more prominent.
Incentivized monetary and credit policies, differentiated regulatory policies and targeted fiscal and tax policies focus on coordination and cohesion, and encourage practitioners to make comprehensive use of franchise mechanism, separate credit plan, internal resource inclination, due diligence exemption and other measures, so as to effectively activate the endogenous development power of inclusive finance business. The establishment of an inclusive finance operation mechanism featuring “courage, willingness, ability and competence” was accelerated.
Second, the coverage of basic financial services continues to expand.
Data from the People’s Bank of China shows that by the end of 2021, the coverage rate of financial institutions in the banking sector of towns and townships in China was about 98.2 percent, and the coverage rate of basic payment services based on bank cards to help farmers withdraw money reached 99.6 percent in village-level administrative regions. The rapid development of digital financial services, including mobile banking, online banking, non-bank payment and Internet insurance, has helped open up the “last mile” of financial services.
Third， the quality and effectiveness of inclusive finance in key areas continued to improve.
A series of working mechanisms have been introduced, including the Project to improve the financial services capacity of micro, small and medium-sized enterprises, the assessment and evaluation of financial institutions’ services for rural revitalization, and the Demonstration project to empower Rural Revitalization through fintech. According to the China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission, the balance of loans to inclusive small and micro enterprises and the balance of inclusive loans to agriculture-related enterprises grew at an average annual rate of 24.4% and 15.1% respectively in the past five years.
Fourth, the infrastructure for inclusive finance was further improved.
Our country has built the world’s largest credit information system, including the largest number of people. Data from the People’s Bank of China showed that by the end of June 2022, the national financial credit information basic database had collected the information of 1.14 billion natural persons and 96.89 million households. Orderly progress was made in the construction of local credit investigation platforms and market-oriented credit investigation institutions, and further development was made in credit information sharing and financing docking mechanisms such as bank-tax interaction, bank-commercial cooperation, and Xinyi Loan. Government-managed financing guarantee companies and risk compensation funds at all levels will leverage the allocation of more financial resources to inclusive financial services and help reduce the basic cost of inclusive financial services.
Fifth, the protection of financial consumers has been solid and effective.
Financial regulatory departments actively promote the building of a basic system for protecting financial consumers, strengthen the building of channels for financial consumers to complain and a diversified mechanism for resolving financial disputes, organize activities such as financial consumers’ Rights and Interests Day, Financial Knowledge Popularization Month, and consumer financial literacy questionnaire, and promote the inclusion of core financial concepts in compulsory education curriculum plans and standards. Efforts should be made to improve financial literacy and risk awareness of financial consumers. The National Consumer Financial Literacy Index for 2021 released by the People’s Bank of China was 66.81 points, 2.04 points higher than that in 2019.
At the international level, according to the global financial inclusion survey released by the World Bank in June 2022, China’s core indicators of financial inclusion, such as account ownership, digital payment usage, savings participation and borrowing participation, have all achieved positive growth, higher than the global average and the average of middle – and high-income economies.
2. Five key words for the high-quality development of inclusive finance
In February 2022, the 24th Meeting of the Commission for Deepening Overall Reform of the CPC Central Committee deliberated and adopted the Implementation Opinions on Promoting High-quality Development of Inclusive Finance, which sets out the direction and requirements for the development of inclusive finance in the new stage. Combined with the domestic and foreign practices and the latest theoretical achievements of inclusive finance development, the author believes that the task requirements of high-quality inclusive finance development can be summarized into five key words.
The first key word is digital.
In recent years, digital inclusive finance, as a new model of inclusive finance driven by digital technology, has played a positive role in broadening the coverage of financial services and improving the quality and effectiveness of financial services. However, there are still some errors and misunderstandings, which should be paid close attention to and addressed in the next step.
First, we need to be demand-oriented and problem-oriented, and truly use digital technologies to solve old problems and new bottlenecks in inclusive finance, so as to avoid falling into the trap of “digitalization for digitalization’s sake”.
Second, we need to speed up barrier-free upgrading and retrofitting of digital channels, give full play to the backstop role of traditional service channels, and establish a sound digital inclusive financial operation system that combines online and offline services and integrates digital and street services, so as to avoid widening the digital divide and technological financial exclusion.
Third, we should adhere to the long-term doctrine of inclusive finance and the spirit of craftsmanship. We should do hard work and basic tasks such as data governance, process reengineering and customer operation well, and avoid the tendency of “mission drift”.
The second key word is greening.
Practice shows that inclusive groups such as small and micro enterprises and farmers are vulnerable to the impact of climate and environmental change. At the same time, these long-tail groups have a large scale, and although individual carbon emissions are limited, the aggregate amount is considerable. Therefore, inclusive groups are also an important force to promote green and low-carbon transition. Based on this understanding, green inclusive finance, as the product of the integration and innovation of inclusive finance and green finance, has increasingly become the emerging focus of attention of all parties, but in general, it is still in the preliminary stage of exploration.
Going forward, we should speed up the construction of a green inclusive finance policy support system with compatible incentives, focus on increasing the supply of green inclusive finance standards with a focus on subject qualification, green identification and information disclosure, and guide practitioners to explore product innovations such as green microcredit, green supply chain finance, green agricultural insurance and green science and technology innovation fund, so as to make inclusive finance greener. We will make green finance more inclusive and achieve comprehensive improvement in economic, social and ecological benefits.
The third key word is ecologicalization.
After years of development and precipitation, China’s inclusive finance system has shown an ecological feature of multiple subjects. High correlation and deep integration. Practitioners have expanded from a single microfinance institution to a diversified organizational system of benign competition and cooperation. Between traditional financial institutions and emerging business entities. The service channels have developed from the initial institutional outlets and even field sites to the three-dimensional channel system of “network +PC + mobile”. Which combines online and offline organically. In the next step, we should support the continuous initiative and creativity of the relevant institutions. And explore more legal, compliant, risk-controllable and business-sustainable cooperation models in business, technology, data and infrastructure. Through regulatory sandboxes, innovation tests and local pilot projects. So as to build a more healthy and balanced inclusive financial ecosystem.
The fourth key word is responsible.
In recent years, the concept of responsible finance has received increasing attention and practice around the world. Responsible finance focuses on giving full play to the joint power of the government, the market and society. Through effective incentive and restraint mechanisms, it encourages market participants to fulfill their duties and avoid irresponsible financial behaviors such as mis-selling, predatory lending and excessive financing. In the field of inclusive finance, the credit foundation is relatively weak, and customers’ financial literacy and risk awareness are insufficient. Therefore, it is particularly important to advocate the concept of responsible finance.
Going forward, it is necessary to strengthen the construction of the code of conduct and responsibility capacity of the practitioners. And improve the transparency of the inclusive financial market and the level of consumer protection. Through information disclosure, risk warning, ethical review and other means. At the same time, financial knowledge popularization and risk education should be carried out on a classified basis to improve consumers’ financial literacy. And to crack down on malicious loan fraud, malicious debt evasion. Illegal agent rights protection and other behaviors according to law.
The fifth key word is sustainable.
Business sustainability is the basic principle of inclusive finance development. In recent years, with the support of incentive policies and digital technologies. Various practitioners have actively carried out innovation in inclusive finance products and business models. And promoted the effective compatibility of inclusive finance with business sustainability and cost affordability.
In the next step, we should continue to optimize the infrastructure and policy environment of inclusive finance. Further solve the pain points such as lack of information, lack of credit and lack of guarantee for inclusive groups. And guide and support practitioners to reduce operating costs and risk costs. At the same time, practitioners should further exert their initiative and creativity. Explore and form more legal, compliant and sustainable business models by means of scientific management. Sophisticated operation and scientific and technological innovation. And realize the overall coordination of inclusive finance in expanding coverage, improving quality, reducing cost and controlling risks.
3. Industry self-discipline helps promote high-quality development of inclusive finance
The Internet Finance Association of China. As a national self-regulatory organization in the financial industry born and developed in the background of the digital era. Takes the promotion of high-quality development of inclusive finance, especially digital inclusive finance. As the top priority in its work under the guidance of financial regulatory authorities. A lot of work has been carried out in promoting the standardized operation of practitioners. Consolidating the industry infrastructure, promoting the construction of industry standards. And strengthening the digital financial education, and preliminary results have been achieved.
First, we will promote standardized operation of employment institutions.
We will fully cooperate with and support financial authorities in carrying out special rectification of Internet financial risks and rectification of financial services on online platforms. We will strengthen data statistics and risk monitoring of the Internet financial industry. Carry out real-name filing and self-discipline inspection of mobile financial apps. And promote anti-money laundering of Internet finance and comprehensive annual cost disclosure of Internet loans and express self-discipline management. In conjunction with a number of financial industry associations. The development and implementation of the “Convention on the Self-discipline of Scientific and Technological Ethics in the Financial Field” has been carried out to guide and urge inclusive financial institutions to operate prudently. Adhere to integrity and innovation, and help create a more honest and standardized inclusive financial market order.
Second, we will continue to strengthen industrial infrastructure.
In accordance with the working idea of “from the industry to the industry”. In response to the urgent needs of the vast number of practitioners. The construction and improvement of Internet financial information sharing. Supply chain financial digital information services, digital certification, financial technology service capacity sharing and other platforms. Effectively reduce the digital transformation costs of inclusive financial institutions, especially small and medium-sized institutions. Enhance the capacity of practitioners to carry out digital financial inclusion services.
Third, we will steadily advance the development of industry standards.
In accordance with the idea of combining top-level design and urgent use first. It has organized the development and release of more than 10 group standards. In the fields of Internet financial information disclosure. Evaluation of open source software in the financial industry, evaluation of mobile financial APP. And supervision warehouse of supply chain finance, and steadily promoted the promulgation and implementation of financial standards. Such as artificial intelligence, cloud computing, blockchain, fintech ethics, and personal financial information protection. In-depth evaluation of “pacesetters” of enterprise standards in online banking services, financial distributed ledger. Mobile financial APP and other fields will be carried out to provide strong standard support for the development of inclusive finance.
Fourth, in-depth digital financial education.
Organize the construction of a credible public service platform for mobile finance. Provide safer and more reliable APP download channels for the people. Timely provide risk warnings for non-homogeneous token (NFT), virtual currency transaction, initial coin offering (ICO), cash loan and other situations, and extensively carry out activities. Such as introducing Internet financial knowledge into campus, public service advertisements and online open classes. Efforts will be made to enhance consumers’ digital financial literacy and risk prevention awareness.
In the next step, under the guidance of financial authorities, with a high sense of political responsibility and historical mission. The Internet Finance Association of China will continue to give full play to the positive role of industry self-discipline in “serving supervision. Serving the industry and serving the society”. And work together with the broad practitioners and all sectors of society to promote the high-quality development of inclusive finance. We will make positive contributions to the building of Chinese-style modernization and the realization of common prosperity.
本文由数字化转型网（www.szhzxw.cn）转载而成，来源：中国金融杂志 ，作者：单强；编辑/翻译：数字化转型网宁檬树。
免责声明: 本网站(https://www.szhzxw.cn/)内容主要来自原创、合作媒体供稿和第三方投稿，凡在本网站出现的信息，均仅供参考。本网站将尽力确保所提供信息的准确性及可靠性，但不保证有关资料的准确性及可靠性，读者在使用前请进一步核实，并对任何自主决定的行为负责。本网站对有关资料所引致的错误、不确或遗漏，概不负任何法律责任。
本网站刊载的所有内容(包括但不仅限文字、图片、LOGO、音频、视频、软件、程序等) 版权归原作者所有。任何单位或个人认为本网站中的内容可能涉嫌侵犯其知识产权或存在不实内容时，请及时通知本站，予以删除。
