一、数字化工厂概念
数字化工厂是随着数字仿真技术和虚拟现实技术发展而来的，它通过对真实工业生产的虚拟规划、仿真优化，实现对工厂产品研发、制造生产和服务的优化和提升，是现代工业化与信息化融合的应用体现。随着产品需求的不断变化、产品周期的更新换代速度提升，以及3D打印、物联网、云计算、大数据等新兴信息技术的不断应用，为了缩短研发周期，降低生产成本，提升企业产品质量和效益。
先进的制造类企业开始越来越重视数字化工厂的建设，如上汽、海尔、华为、西门子等制造企业均已着手开始建设自己的数字化工厂，以支撑企业实现新的突破和发展。作为信息化和工业化融合应用的最佳结合点，研究数字化工厂如何建设，探讨虚拟设计与物理设备之间怎样实现无缝衔接，对驱动信息化和工业化的深度融合发展、以及未来智能工厂发展具有十分重要的意义。
数字化工厂具有广义和狭义的概念，其涉及的内容也随着分析的角度不同而有所区别。本文数字化工厂结合国内离散型制造企业的实际情况（如兵器、航天等领域的部分制造企业），是以广义数字化工厂中核心制造企业为主，在满足自身生产和管理任务的同时，需要具备产品研发能力和售后服务保障能力，因此本论文中的“数字化工厂”不仅仅是生产的概念，它是向前延伸到设计，向后推移到服务，同时涵盖企业管理，包括产品研发设计过程、生产制造过程、企业管理过程、服务保障过程等产品全生命周期整个过程。
二、数字化工厂架构
数字化工厂的规划建设、投产运营及优化改进是企业信息化和工业化融合不断深入的过程。在这个过程中数字世界与物理世界不断迭代，支持企业产品设计、生产制造、运营管理等各个环节的PDCA循环不断改进和提升。本论文数字化工厂建设架构从产品生命周期、系统层级两个维度来进行构建，实现数字世界与物理世界的交互迭代。 数字化转型网（www.szhzxw.cn）
1）产品全生命周期：由产品设计、工艺规划、生产制造、服务保障等一系列相互联系的价值创造活动组成的链式集合。生命周期中各项活动相互关联、互相影响。
2）系统层级：本论文提出数字化工厂建设系统层级自下而上共四层结构：
（1）设备资源及控制层：包括传感器、仪器仪表、条码、射频识别、机器、机械和装置、以及电力、燃气能源设施等硬件设备，以及与硬件设备密切相关的可编程逻辑控制器（PLC）、数据采集与监视控制系统（SCADA）、分布式控制系统（DCS）和现场总线控制系统（FCS）等控制系统，是企业进行生产活动的技术基础。
（2）数据库层：包括设计类、工艺类、制造类、管理类、试验类、标准体系库（包括数字化管理标准、测试与试验标准、设计标准、STEP标准（产品信息交换标准））等。各类数据库又有各自的基本数据库与知识库。作为数字化工厂体系框架的第二层，为数字化工厂提供最基本的数据支撑。
（3）管理层：包括面向设计部门的产品数据管理（PDM）、面向工艺部门的工艺工装管理、面向生产部门的制造执行系统（MES）、面向后勤保障部门的能源管理系统等。
（4）协同层：包括产品生命周期管理（PLM）、企业资源计划系统（ERP）、供应链管理系统（SCM）和客户关系管理系统（CRM）等，并通过互联网络共享信息实现企业内部各部门之间协同和产业链上不同企业间协同。从产品全生命周期和系统层级构建数字化工厂二维系统架构示意图如图1所示。
三、数字化工厂建设应具备的三个核心功能要素和三项标志关键技术
（一） 三个核心功能要素分别是互联互通、系统集成、数据信息融合
1）互联互通：数字化工厂的核心是连接，要把设备、生产线、工厂、供应商、产品、客户紧密地连接在一起。数字化工厂适应了万物互联的发展趋势，将无处不在的传感器、嵌入式终端系统、生产检测设备、通过信息化系统形成一个网络，使得生产设备之间、设备与产品之间、以及数字世界（虚拟世界）与物理世界之间能够互联，使得机器、工作部件、系统以及人通过网络持续地保持数字信息的交流。
（1）生产设备之间的互联。生产设备之间互联是单机设备的互联，不同类型和功能的单机设备互联组成生产线，不同的生产线间互联组成数字化车间，数字化车间的互联组成数字化工厂，不同地域、行业、企业的数字化工厂的互联组成一个制造能力无所不在的数字化制造系统联盟。 数字化转型网www.szhzxw.cn）
（2）设备和产品的互联。产品和生产设备之间能够通信，使得操作人员能够随时了解产品目前处在哪个加工阶段，以及下一步将如何操作，同时了解产品什么时候被制造等信息。
（3）虚拟与现实的互联。通过信息化手段将物理设备连接到互联网上，让物理设备具有计算、通信、控制、远程协同等功能，从而实现虚拟网络世界与现实物理世界的融合。
2）系统集成：数字化工厂将传感器、嵌入式终端系统、控制系统、生产加工检测等物理设备通过信息化手段形成一个网络，使得人与人、人与设备、设备与设备，以及服务与服务之间能够互联，从而实现企业横向集成、纵向集成、以及未来价值链端到端的集成。
（1）横向集成：指企业通过信息网络所实现的一种资源整合，包括生产线设备与设备之间、生产线和生产线之间、车间和车间之间、工厂和工厂之间的联网，这是实现数字化工厂的物理基础。也是未来实现企业间资源共享的基础。
（2）纵向集成：指企业内部信息流的集成，采用统一的数据库和软件平台对设备资源数据和生产过程数据、产品数据等信息进行管理，使得主要设备互操作性和关键信息一致性得到解决，数据或信息可以是自上而下和自下而上有效流动，从而为下一步的大数据分析和高级智能决策奠定基础。
（3）价值链端到端集成：指围绕产品全生命周期的价值链创造，通过价值链不同企业资源的整合，实现从产品设计、生产制造、物流配送、使用维护的产品全生命周期的管理和服务。即将产品制造企业的分析需求、获取订单、供应链和制造、物流交付、获取收入、售后服务直至获取新的订单的整个循环集成起来。 数字化转型网（www.szhzxw.cn）
3）数据信息融合：在系统集成和通信的基础上，利用云计算、大数据等新一代信息技术，在保障信息安全的前提下，实现数据信息协同共享，主要包括以下三种数据信息：
（1）产品数据信息：包括产品全生命周期各阶段的数据信息。产品的各种数据信息被传输、处理和加工，使得产品全生命周期管理成为可能，使得个性化服务成为可能，使得产品管理能够贯穿其全部生命历程，使得用户能够参与产品设计、加工的各种活动中。
（2）运营数据信息：包括企业内部的生产线、生产设备的数据，它可以用于对设备本身进行实时监控，并反馈到生产过程中，使得生产控制和管理最优化；还包括经济运行、行业、市场竞争对手等企业外部数据，通过对采购、仓储、销售、配送等供应链环节上数据采集分析，可以减少库存、动态调整生产、改进和优化供应链。
（3）产业链数据信息：包括客户、供应商、合作伙伴等数据信息。通过了解技术开发、生产作业、采购销售、内外部后勤等产业链各环节竞争要素数据信息，为企业管理者和参与者提供看待价值链的信息，使得企业有机会把价值链上更多的环节转化为企业的战略优势。
（二）三项标志关键技术分别是建模技术、仿真技术、单一数据源技术
1）建模技术：数字化工厂最大的特点就是产品设计和生产均可在数字化空间中虚拟进行，这样不仅可以对产品设计可行性进行仿真验证，还可以对新产品进行可制造性和制造成本提前预估分析。要实现上述功能首先要建立基于模型定义技术（MBD技术）的各种要素的数字化模型，本文在蔡敏等提出的6类模型基础上将数字化工厂各种要素模型按功能分为产品设计、工厂布局、工艺规划、生产仿真、虚拟装配、试验验证和能量管理等7个部分，如图2所示。
2）仿真技术：仿真优化是数字化工厂的价值核心，根据建立的数字化模型和仿真系统给出的仿真结果及各种预测数据，分析数字化工厂中可能出现的各种问题和潜在的优化方案，进而优化产品设计和生产过程。在数字化工厂制造过程中，仿真技术应用主要包括：面向产品设计的仿真包括产品的静态和动态性能；面向制造过程的仿真包括加工过程仿真、装配过程仿真和检测过程仿真等；面向企业其他环节的仿真包括制造管理过程仿真、以及工厂/车间布局、生产线布局仿真等。
3）单一数据源技术：在产品的全生命周期中，存在着不同部门和用途的各种数据文件清单（BOM），单一数据源思想是将不同的数据经过精心组织形成一个逻辑上的单一的数据源，并建立严格的约束，从而有效解决不同部门之间数据冗余和数据不一致的问题。
在产品全生命周期中，根据数据产生的阶段和部门不同可以分为设计BOM、工艺BOM、制造BOM、采购BOM、销售BOM、服务BOM等各种数据，每种数据BOM是由产品类型、应用领域和产品的生命周期唯一确定的，其中设计BOM属于最原始的BOM文件，可视为产品的单一数据源，它凝结了产品设计工程师的创造性工作，其他各种BOM都是在它的基础上结合其应用领域的信息转换而来的。
四、数字化工厂建设内容
本文提出将数字化工厂建设内容分为研发设计数字化、生产制造数字化、企业管理数字化、支撑保障数字化四部分内容，其示意罗盘图如图3所示。 数字化转型网（www.szhzxw.cn）
（一）研发设计数字化
产品研发人员根据需求进行产品设计，得到产品的相关数据和三维模型，并进行管理优化和改进，直到最终确定产品的设计方案。主要包括产品设计、工艺规划、虚拟试验验证三个阶段。其中产品设计重点建设数字化产品模型或原理样机的构建条件和产品性能与功能的数字化验证手段，主要包括计算机辅助设计（CAD），计算机辅助工程分析（CAE），计算机辅助操作（CAO，包括知识库、基础数据库和专家系统等）三个方面条件。
工艺规划重点建设计算机辅助的产品工艺规划和工装设计、计算机辅助的工艺过程动态仿真与分析优化、专用工艺装备的优化设计等条件，主要包括计算机辅助工艺规划（CAPP），计算机辅助工装设计，逆向工程（RE，如快速成型系统），数字化工艺仿真与验证（包括动态装配仿真、装配过程仿真、人机过程仿真、焊接过程仿真、冲压过程仿真、机加工过程仿真、装配精度和公差仿真等），以及生产线布局和仿真、工位布局和仿真、物流仿真等。
虚拟试验验证重点建立虚拟测试和验证（VT&E）条件，即建立一个以虚拟样机为标准的数字化环境来模拟真实的物理试验过程，并进行一次或多次的虚拟试验测试，并通过试验得到的数据做合理分析，以考核、评价复杂产品的性能，进而为实物验证提供坚实的支撑；以及建立试验数据管理系统（TDM）用于虚拟试验数据和真实试验数据管理等。
（二）生产制造数字化
涉及从投料开始到最终完成产品的全过程，生产制造数字化可以实现对生产过程的优化、监控和管理，以提高制造质量和效率。主要建设以下四个方面
。1）制造资源数字化主要包括对现有设备数字化改造和引进先进数控智能设备。现有设备数字化改造主要是通过采用PLC、CNC（计算机数控系统）系统及其他数字化外设，对原机床电气系统进行替换和提升。引进先进数控智能设备包括购置数控机加设备（车铣复合自动化加工单元等）、工业机器人（焊接机器人等）等。
2）生产过程数字化以制造执行系统（MES）为核心，包括计算机辅助制造（CAM），快速原型（RPM），以及分布式数控（DNC）联网集成、数字化检测、生产调度指挥中心等。
3）质量管控数字化重点建设计算机辅助质量管理（CAQ）、计算机辅助检测（CAT）等手段。生产制造过程中质量管控数字化需要与企业管理数字化中质量管控统筹考虑。此部分建设重点为生产制造过程中的质量检测控制，侧重于通过MES系统解决。 数字化转型网（www.szhzxw.cn）
4）物料管控数字化重点建立自动化仓库、自动配送传输装置（AGV）、公共资源定位等物流管控条件，实现物流过程的自动化、数字化与智能化。
（三）企业管理数字化
将信息技术和管理技术用于企业管理领域，提高企业管理水平和经营效益。包括企业内管理数字化和企业间管理数字化两大部分。
1）企业内管理数字化建立以产品为主线的PLM和以物料流为主线的ERP企业内管理数字化框架，辅助相应的办公自动化OA，质量信息系统QIS，试验数据管理系统TDM、产品数据管理PDM（TDM和PDM系统重点在产品研发设计数字化阶段使用），合同管理系统，人力资源管理系统，财务管理系统，设备管理系统，知识管理系统，企业门户平台，数据决策支撑系统等条件手段。
2）企业间管理数字化在企业内管理数字化的基础上进一步实现企业间相关业务、流程与共享资源的数字化，从而使企业具备参与供应链数字化管理和敏捷制造的能力。重点建设供应链管理系统SCM，客户关系管理CRM，以及电子商务智能BI等内容。
（四）支撑保障数字化
作为数字化工厂的支撑保障条件，是数字化工厂支撑环境和运行条件，需与产品研发、生产制造、企业管理数字化条件同步开展。主要建设以下六个方面。
1）基础设施：
（1）网络基础：包括异地网建设和本地局域网建设，异地网建设包括不同企业之间，以及本企业不同地点的网络建设。本地局域网建设目前包括涉密网、工业互联网（又称物联网、含能源互联网）、国际互联网等。 数字化转型网（www.szhzxw.cn）
（2）数据中心/灾备中心：包括机房建设，研发、生产、管理各类应用系统的硬件服务器、高性能计算集群系统、以及数据存储与备份软硬件配置。
（3）总控中心：数字化工厂的信息中心，将反映企业运营状况的信息系统在总控中心进行集中监控管理从而实现信息系统管理效率和管理质量的同步提升。
2）数据库及标准规范：数据库建设根据产品研制需要建立设计、工艺、制造、试验等各环节产品专用数据库、以及关系数据库、文件数据库、实时数据库等通用商业数据库系统，如Oracle数据库、SQL Server数据库，以及数据库的管理系统。标准规范建设依据国家信息化相关标准体系，根据公司级信息化标准体系，建立数字化工厂标准体系库（包括数字化管理标准、测试与试验标准、设计标准、产品信息交换标准等。标准规范体系的建设具有很强的客户化性质，不存在现成的固定模式的商业软件。
3）信息安全：保障网络安全稳定运行，重点建设面向涉密网络的物理安全、信息安全、运行安全和保密管理等信息安全防护体系；建设面向工业互联网的工业防火墙IFW、工业通讯网关、工控网络安全监测审计系统、安全监测平台，工控网络安全防御平台，工业信息安全在线监测预警平台，工业互联网可信计算机主动免疫平台。
4）能源保障：以建设能源互联网为信息运行载体，结合能量管理模型的虚拟仿真，通过建设能源管理系统EMS，综合采用计算机技术、数据库技术、网络技术、仪表控制技术，对数字化工厂运行所需的各种能源（供电、供水、供气、供暖等）的详细使用情况进行在线监视、动态分析，实时掌控能源消耗，以便及时查找能耗弱点，动态进行用能调整，实现“实时测量”、“数据处理”和“远程控制”等功能。
5）服务保障：后方技术保障人员应用远程通信技术指导前方的装备操作或维修人员对装备的故障进行排除，迅速恢复装备的性能；重点包括远程诊断和维修服务（如与维修保障机构建远程诊断系统）、可视化维修服务（如建设交互式电子技术手册IETM）、维修知识服务（如培训、或公司门户）、便携式维修辅助设备、维修服务管理等五部分内容。
6）系统集成：通过构建面向研发设计、生产制造、经营管理的数字化工厂集成支撑平台（利用软件接口API和协议可使各类软件系统具有互操作能力），有效支持数字化工厂的各阶段集成，使企业各功能系统协同地工作。从目前的发展趋势，研究认为以研发为主的企业可以建立以PDM为核心的集成平台，以制造为核心的企业可以建立以ERP+MES为核心的集成平台，研发制造混合型企业可以建立以PLM为核心的集成平台，实现产品生生命周期的集成。 数字化转型网（www.szhzxw.cn）
5 结束语
数字化工厂建设是一个综合性、系统性工程，波及整个企业及其供应链生态系统。数字化工厂建设所要实现的互联互通、系统集成、数据信息融合和产品全生命周期集成将方方面面的人、设备、产品、环境要素联系起来，数字、数据、信息无处不在，决策和行动分布到企业各级员工。因此建设数字化工厂，除了面临技术挑战之外，更多面临组织、文化、流程和人力资源等管理挑战，特别需要企业自身加强复合型信息化人才的培养。
翻译:
Digital factory concept
Digital factory is with the development of digital simulation technology and virtual reality technology, it through the real industrial production of virtual planning, simulation optimization, to achieve the factory product development, manufacturing production and service optimization and improvement, is the application of modern industrialization and information integration embodiment. With the constant changes in product demand, the upgrading speed of product cycles, and the continuous application of emerging information technologies such as 3D printing, the Internet of Things, cloud computing, and big data, in order to shorten the research and development cycle, reduce production costs, and improve product quality and efficiency of enterprises.
Advanced manufacturing enterprises have begun to pay more and more attention to the construction of digital factories, such as SAIC. Haier, Huawei, Siemens and other manufacturing enterprises have begun to build their own digital factories to support enterprises to achieve new breakthroughs and development.
As the best combination of informatization and industrialization.
Studying how to build digital factories and exploring how to achieve seamless connection between virtual design. And physical equipment is of great significance to drive the deep integration of informatization and industrialization and the development of future smart factories.
The digital factory has broad and narrow concepts, and the content involved varies with the perspective of analysis. In this paper, based on the actual situation of domestic discrete manufacturing enterprises (such as some manufacturing enterprises in the fields of weapons and aerospace). The digital factory is mainly a core manufacturing enterprise in the broad digital factory. While meeting its own production and management tasks, it needs to have the ability of product research and development and after-sales service guarantee. Therefore, the “digital factory” in this paper is not only the concept of production, it extends forward to design, backward to service, and covers enterprise management, including product development and design process, production and manufacturing process, enterprise management process, service guarantee process and other product life cycle. 数字化转型网（www.szhzxw.cn）
Digital factory architecture
The planning, construction, operation and optimization of the digital factory are the deepening process of the integration of enterprise informatization and industrialization. In this process, the digital world and the physical world continue to iterate, supporting the PDCA cycle of enterprise product design, manufacturing, operation management and other aspects of continuous improvement and upgrading. In this paper, the architecture of digital factory construction is constructed from two dimensions of product life cycle and system level to realize the interactive iteration of the digital world and the physical world.
1) Product life cycle: a chain collection composed of a series of interconnected value creation activities such as product design. Process planning, manufacturing, and service guarantee. The activities in the life cycle are interrelated and influence each other.
2) System level: This paper proposes a four-layer structure of the digital factory construction system level from the bottom up:
(1) Equipment resources and control layer: Including sensors, instrumentation, bar codes, radio frequency identification, machines, machinery and devices, as well as power, gas energy facilities and other hardware equipment, As well as control systems closely related to hardware equipment, such as programmable logic controller (PLC), data acquisition and monitoring control system (SCADA), distributed control system (DCS) and field bus control system (FCS), are the technical basis of enterprise production activities.
(2) Database layer: including design class, process class, manufacturing class, management class, test class, standard system library (including digital management standard, test and experiment standard, design standard, STEP standard (product information exchange standard)), etc. Each kind of database has its own basic database and knowledge base. As the second layer of the digital factory system framework. It provides the most basic data support for the digital factory.
(3) Management: including product data management (PDM) for the design department, process tooling management for the process department, manufacturing execution system (MES) for the production department, energy management system for the logistics support department, etc.
(4) Collaboration layer: including product life cycle management (PLM), enterprise resource planning system (ERP), supply chain management system (SCM) and customer relationship management system (CRM), etc., and sharing information through the Internet to achieve collaboration between various departments within the enterprise and collaboration between different enterprises in the industrial chain. The two-dimensional system architecture diagram of a digital factory built from the product life cycle and system level is shown in Figure 1.
Digital factory construction should have three core functional elements and three key technologies
3.1 The three core functional elements are interconnectivity, system integration, and data and information fusion
1) Connectivity: The core of the digital factory is connection, to connect equipment, production lines, factories, suppliers, products, customers closely together. The digital factory ADAPTS to the development trend of the Internet of everything.
And forms a network of ubiquitous sensors, embedded terminal systems. Production and testing equipment through information systems, so that production equipment, equipment and products. As well as the digital world (virtual world) and the physical world can be interconnected. Enables machines, working parts, systems, and people to continuously communicate digital information through the network.
(1) Interconnection between production equipment. The interconnection between production equipment is the interconnection of single equipment, the interconnection of single equipment of different types and functions constitutes the production line, the interconnection between different production lines constitutes the digital workshop, the interconnection of the digital workshop constitutes the digital factory, the interconnection of the digital factory of different regions, industries and enterprises constitutes a digital manufacturing system alliance with ubiquitous manufacturing capacity.
(2) Interconnection of equipment and products. The ability to communicate between the product and the production equipment allows the operator to know at any time what stage of processing the product is currently in, and how it will be operated next, as well as knowing when the product is manufactured.
(3) The interconnection of virtual and reality. Physical devices are connected to the Internet through information means. So that physical devices have computing, communication, control, remote collaboration and other functions, so as to achieve the integration of the virtual network world and the real physical world.
2) System integration: The digital factory will form a network of physical equipment such as sensors, embedded terminal systems, control systems.
Production, processing and testing through information means, so that people, people and equipment, equipment and equipment, as well as services and services can be interconnected, so as to achieve horizontal integration, vertical integration, and end-to-end integration of the future value chain.
(1) Horizontal integration: refers to a resource integration achieved by enterprises through information networks, including the networking between production line equipment and equipment, between production lines and production lines, between workshops and workshops, and between factories and factories, which is the physical basis for realizing digital factories. It is also the basis for realizing resource sharing among enterprises in the future. 数字化转型网（www.szhzxw.cn）
(2) Vertical integration: It refers to the integration of information flow within the enterprise, using a unified database and software platform to manage equipment resource data, production process data, product data and other information, so that the interoperability of main equipment and the consistency of key information can be solved, and data or information can be effectively flowed from top to bottom. Thus laying the foundation for the next step of big data analysis and advanced intelligent decision-making.
(3) End-to-end integration of the value chain: it refers to the creation of the value chain around the whole life cycle of products, and the management and service of the whole life cycle of products from product design, manufacturing, logistics distribution, use and maintenance through the integration of different enterprise resources in the value chain. It is the integration of the entire cycle of analyzing the needs of the product manufacturing enterprise, obtaining orders, supply chain and manufacturing, logistics delivery, obtaining revenue, after-sales service, and obtaining new orders.
3) Data and information fusion: On the basis of system integration and communication, new generation information technologies such as cloud computing and big data are used to realize collaborative sharing of data and information under the premise of ensuring information security, which mainly includes the following three types of data and information:
(1) Product data information: including data information of all stages of the product life cycle. All kinds of data and information of products are transmitted, processed and processed, making it possible to manage the whole life cycle of products, making personalized services possible, making product management throughout its entire life course, and enabling users to participate in various activities of product design and processing.
(2) Operation data information: including internal production line and production equipment data, it can be used for real-time monitoring of the equipment itself, and feedback to the production process, so as to optimize production control and management; It also includes external data of enterprises such as economic operation, industry and market competitors. Through data collection and analysis of supply chain links such as procurement, warehousing, sales and distribution, inventory can be reduced, production can be dynamically adjusted, and supply chain can be improved and optimized.
(3) Industrial chain data information: including customers, suppliers, partners and other data information. By understanding the data and information of competitive factors in each link of the industrial chain, such as technology development, production operations, procurement and sales, internal and external logistics, it can provide enterprise managers and participants with information about the value chain, so that enterprises have the opportunity to transform more links in the value chain into strategic advantages. 3.2 The three key technologies are modeling technology, simulation technology and single data source technology 数字化转型网（www.szhzxw.cn）
1) Modeling technology:
The biggest feature of the digital factory is that product design and production can be carried out virtually in the digital space, so that not only the feasibility of product design can be simulated and verified, but also the manufacturability and manufacturing cost of new products can be estimated in advance. In order to realize the above functions, digital models of various elements based on model definition technology (MBD technology) should first be established. In this paper, based on the six types of models proposed by CAI Min et al., various elements of digital factory models are divided into seven parts according to their functions, including product design, factory layout, process planning, production simulation, virtual assembly, test verification and energy management, as shown in Figure 2.
2) Simulation technology:
Simulation optimization is the core value of the digital factory. According to the simulation results and various predictive data given by the established digital model and simulation system. Various problems and potential optimization schemes that may occur in the digital factory are analyzed, so as to optimize product design and production process. In the process of digital factory manufacturing, the application of simulation technology mainly includes: the simulation for product design includes the static and dynamic performance of the product; Manufacturing process oriented simulation includes machining process simulation, assembly process simulation and testing process simulation. Simulation for other aspects of the enterprise includes manufacturing management process simulation, as well as factory/workshop layout, production line layout simulation, etc.
3) Single data source technology:
In the whole life cycle of the product, there are various data file lists (Boms) for different departments and purposes. The idea of single data source is to carefully organize different data into a single logical data source. And establish strict constraints. So as to effectively solve the problem of data redundancy and data inconsistency between different departments.
In the whole life cycle of the product, according to the different stages and departments of data generation, it can be divided into design BOM, process BOM, manufacturing BOM, procurement BOM, sales BOM, service BOM and other data. Each data BOM is uniquely determined by the product type, application field and product life cycle, and design BOM is the most original BOM file. It can be regarded as a single data source of the product, which condenses the creative work of the product design engineer. And other kinds of BOM are based on it combined with the information of its application field.
4 Digital factory construction content
This paper proposes to divide the construction content of digital factory into four parts: digitization of R & D design. Digitization of production. And manufacturing, digitization of enterprise management. And digitization of support and security. The schematic diagram is shown in Figure 3. 数字化转型网（www.szhzxw.cn）
4.1 Digitization of R&D design
Product R&D personnel design products according to the needs, get the relevant data and three-dimensional models of products, and optimize. And improve management until the final product design scheme is determined. It mainly includes three stages: product design, process planning and virtual test verification. Among them, the product design focuses on the construction conditions of digital product model or principle prototype and the digital verification means of product performance and function, mainly including computer-aided design (CAD), computer-aided engineering analysis (CAE), computer-aided operation (CAO, including knowledge base, basic database and expert system).
Process planning focuses on the construction of computer-aided product process planning and tooling design, computer-aided process dynamic simulation and analysis optimization.
optimization design of special process equipment and other conditions, mainly including computer-aided process planning (CAPP), computer-aided tooling design, reverse engineering (RE, such as rapid prototyping system), Digital process simulation and verification (including dynamic assembly simulation, assembly process simulation, man-machine process simulation, welding process simulation, stamping process simulation, machining process simulation, assembly accuracy and tolerance simulation, etc.), as well as production line layout and simulation, station layout and simulation, logistics simulation, etc.
Virtual test verification focuses on the establishment of virtual test and verification (VT&E) conditions, that is, to establish a digital environment with virtual prototype as the standard to simulate the real physical test process, and conduct one or more virtual test tests, and make reasonable analysis through the test data to assess and evaluate the performance of complex products, so as to provide solid support for physical verification; The test data management system (TDM) is set up to manage virtual test data and real test data. 数字化转型网（www.szhzxw.cn）
4.2 Digitalization of manufacturing
Involving the whole process from the beginning of feeding to the final completion of the product, the digitalization of production and manufacturing can realize the optimization, monitoring and management of the production process to improve manufacturing quality and efficiency. The main construction is the following four aspects
. 1) The digitalization of manufacturing resources mainly includes the digital transformation of existing equipment and the introduction of advanced CNC intelligent equipment. The digital transformation of the existing equipment is mainly through the use of PLC, CNC (computer numerical control system) system and other digital peripherals to replace and upgrade the electrical system of the original machine tool. The introduction of advanced CNC intelligent equipment includes the purchase of CNC machine processing equipment (turn-milling complex automatic processing units, etc.), industrial robots (welding robots, etc.) and so on.
2) The digitalization of the production process is based on the manufacturing execution system (MES). Including computer-aided manufacturing (CAM), rapid prototyping (RPM). And distributed numerical control (DNC) networking integration, digital detection, production scheduling command center, etc. 数字化转型网（www.szhzxw.cn）
3) Digital quality control focuses on the construction of computer-aided quality management (CAQ), computer-aided testing (CAT) and other means. The digitization of quality control in manufacturing process needs to be considered as a whole with the digitization of enterprise management. This part of the construction focuses on the quality inspection and control in the manufacturing process. Focusing on the MES system.
4) The digitization of material control focuses on the establishment of logistics control conditions such as automated warehouses, automatic distribution. And transmission devices (AGVs). And public resource positioning, so as to realize the automation, digitalization and intelligence of the logistics process.
4.3 Digitalization of enterprise management
Information technology and management technology will be used in the field of enterprise management to improve the level of enterprise management and operating efficiency. It includes digitalization of intra-enterprise management and digitalization of inter-enterprise management.
1) The digitalization of enterprise management establishes the product-oriented PLM and material-flow oriented ERP management digital frameworks to assist the corresponding office automation OA, quality information system QIS, test data management system TDM, and product data management PDM (TDM and PDM systems are mainly used in the digital stage of product research and development design). Contract management system, human resource management system, financial management system, equipment management system, knowledge management system. Enterprise portal platform, data decision support system and other conditional means. 数字化转型网（www.szhzxw.cn）
2) Enterprise
On the basis of the digitalization of intra-enterprise management. The digitalization of inter-enterprise related businesses, processes and shared resources is further realized. So that enterprises have the ability to participate in supply chain digital management and agile manufacturing. Focus on the construction of supply chain management system SCM, customer relationship management CRM, and e-commerce intelligent BI content.
4.4 Support support digitization
As the support and guarantee conditions of digital factories, it is the supporting environment . And operating conditions of digital factories. Which need to be carried out simultaneously with the digital conditions of product research and development, production and manufacturing. And enterprise management. The main construction is in the following six aspects.
1) Infrastructure:
(1) Network infrastructure: including off-site network construction and local LAN construction. Off-site network construction includes the network construction between different enterprises. And different locations of the enterprise. Local LAN construction currently includes secret-related networks, industrial Internet (also known as the Internet of Things. Including energy Internet), the international Internet.
(2) Data center/Disaster recovery center: includes equipment room construction, development, production. And management of hardware servers for various application systems, high-performance computing cluster systems. And data storage and backup hardware and software configuration. 数字化转型网（www.szhzxw.cn）
(3) General control center: the information center of the digital factory, which will centrally monitor. And manage the information system reflecting the operating status of the enterprise in the general control center to realize the synchronous improvement of the management efficiency and management quality of the information system.
2) Database and standard specifications: database construction According to the needs of product development, the establishment of design, process, manufacturing.
testing and other links of product dedicated databases, as well as relational databases, file databases, real-time databases and other general commercial database systems, such as Oracle database. SQL Server database, and database management systems. According to the national information related standard system, according to the company-level information standard system, the establishment of digital factory standard system library (including digital management standards, test and test standards, design standards, product information exchange standards, etc.). The construction of standard specification system has a strong customer-oriented nature. And there is no ready-made fixed model of commercial software.
3) Information security: to ensure the safe and stable operation of the network.
focusing on the construction of information security protection systems for secret-related networks, such as physical security. Information security, operation security and confidentiality management; Construction of industrial Internet oriented industrial firewall IFW. Industrial communication gateway, industrial control network security monitoring and audit system. Security monitoring platform, industrial control network security defense platform, industrial information security online monitoring. And early warning platform, industrial Internet trusted computer active immunity platform.
4) Energy security: With the construction of energy Internet as the information operation carrier.
combined with the virtual simulation of energy management model. Through the construction of energy management system EMS, the comprehensive use of computer technology, database technology, network technology. Instrument control technology, to carry out online monitoring and dynamic analysis of the detailed use of various energy sources (power supply, water supply, gas supply, heating, etc.) required for the operation of digital factories. Real-time control of energy consumption, in order to find energy consumption weaknesses in time, dynamic energy adjustment. To achieve “real-time measurement”, “data processing” and “remote control” and other functions. 数字化转型网（www.szhzxw.cn）
5) Service support: The rear technical support personnel apply remote communication technology to guide the front equipment operation or maintenance personnel to troubleshoot the equipment and quickly restore the performance of the equipment.
The focus includes five parts: remote diagnosis and maintenance services (such as building a remote diagnosis system with a maintenance support organization). Visual maintenance services (such as building an interactive electronic technical manual IETM). Maintenance knowledge services (such as training, or company portal), portable maintenance AIDS, and maintenance service management.
6) System integration: By building a digital factory integration support platform for R & D design, production and management (software interface API and protocol can make all kinds of software systems interoperable).
effectively support the integration of digital factories at all stages. So that the functional systems of the enterprise can work cooperatively. From the current development trend, the research believes that enterprises focusing on R&D can establish an integration platform with PDM as the core. Enterprises with manufacturing as the core can establish an integration platform with ERP+MES as the core. And hybrid enterprises of R&D and manufacturing can establish an integration platform with PLM as the core to realize the integration of product life cycle. 数字化转型网（www.szhzxw.cn）
5 Closing remarks
Digital factory construction is a comprehensive and systematic project that covers the entire enterprise and its supply chain ecosystem. The interconnection, system integration, data information integration and product life cycle integration to be achieved in the construction of digital factories will connect people, equipment. Products and environmental elements in all aspects, numbers, data and information are everywhere. And decisions and actions are distributed to employees at all levels of the enterprise. Therefore, in addition to technical challenges. The construction of digital factories faces more management challenges such as organization, culture, process and human resources. And it is especially necessary for enterprises to strengthen the training of compound information talents.
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