提升制造业核心竞争力，需要启动一批产业基础再造工程项目，激发涌现一批“专精特新”中小企业。任何一个城市的制造业，“专精特新”都是醒目的知识产权担当。
然而，根据调查，目前“专精特新”中小企业专利培育普遍存在4个困难。
一、专利申请费用较高。
申请专利有电子形式申请和书面形式申请两种方式。目前，各地专利代办处从2019年起已不再接受书面形式申请，均要求以电子文件形式申请，如申请人需以书面形式申请的，应将申请文件及其他文件交到国家专利局的受理窗口或寄交至国家知识产权局专利受理处。普通申请人由于对专利申请流程不熟悉、办理不便利、不会撰写专利请求书和说明书摘要等原因，大多选择通过专利代理机构办理。
据统计，某区2020年新申请各类专利1019件，其中企业（个人/科研/院校/其他主体）申请280件，占比27.48%；通过专利代理机构申请739件，占比72.52%。据了解，通过正规专利代理机构申请专利代理费用较高，发明专利代理费4000—5000元/件，实用新型专利代理费1800—2500元/件，外观专利600—800元/件。数字化转型网www.szhzxw.cn
企业（个人/科研/院校/其他主体）自主申请专利的案例非常有限，他们往往选择没有代理资质但收费相对便宜的“黑代理”。“黑代理”由于无责任约束，无法连接国家知识产权局系统，对申请专利需要撰写的相关文件没有质量保障。单以“申请成功”获取专利证书为目的，可能会造成因为证书里面的权利要求等相关文书质量欠缺而造成达不到真正保护企业知识产权的目的。
二、专利申请耗时较长。
申请专利程序较为复杂，发明专利申请需要受理、初步审查、公布、实质审查、授权5个阶段；实用新型专利或者外观设计专利在审批中不进行公布和实质申请，只需经过受理、初步审查和授权3个阶段。申请发明专利不能做到“一次申请、全部办结”。数字化转型网www.szhzxw.cn
如果国家专利局对发明专利申请进行实质审查后，认为不符合《专利法》相关规定的，申请人还应该在规定的期限内陈述意见或者对其申请进行修改，否则该申请即被视为撤回。国家专利局经过初步审查认为符合《专利法》相关要求的，自申请日起满18个月进行公布。通常情况下，发明专利从申请到授权需要2年半至3年时间，最短也需要1年半。申请时间长，通过率低。
比如，某“小巨人”企业于2015年12月18日提交了两项发明专利申请，国家知识产权局于2015年12月21日受理，2018年10月8日驳回，审查时间近3年。参考该案例，如果企业研发成功一个产品，要等3年才能确定审批成功或驳回，这将会给“专精特新”中小企业技术创新造成很大阻碍。目前社会科技发展日新月异，若“专精特新”中小企业跟不上市场发展的脚步，将面临被淘汰的危险。
三、专利维持年费较高。
专利授权后，不论是否转化为产品，每年都需要缴纳年费，且年限越久费用越高。如发明专利年费1—3年为900元/年，16—20年为8000元/年；实用新型和外观设计年费1—3年均为600元/年，9—10年均为2000元/年。年费对于未转化为产品的专利申请企业而言是不小的负担，且若中途未连续缴纳年费，专利将失效。重庆某公司因人员变动未按时缴纳专利维持费用，导致两项发明专利失效，公司因而未能成功申报成为“专精特新”企业，对企业发展造成不利影响。数字化转型网www.szhzxw.cn
四、专利质押融资较难。
知识产权质押融资对“专精特新”企业发展壮大的推动作用日益凸显。部分有融资需求的“专精特新”企业对知识产权质押融资该怎么做、找谁做、有何优惠政策等不明了，而开展了知识产权质押融资业务的金融机构又不能及时掌握企业的知识产权价值和信贷需求。这种信息沟通屏障导致企业与金融机构不能有效合作，知识产权质押融资工作推进较为缓慢。
同时，由于存在金融机构支持力度不够、企业开展知识产权质押融资意识薄弱，以及知识产权价值评估难、评估贵、兑现难、价值不稳定等问题，专利质押融资贷款难度进一步加大。
针对以上问题，建议市场监管部门从以下4个方面开展工作：
（一）规范专利代理行为。
进一步加强对专利代理机构监管、提升专利代理质量，开展“蓝天”行动，重点整治无资质专利代理和以诋毁其他代理机构、虚假宣传、欺诈等不正当手段招揽业务等行为。
（二）缩短专利申请周期。
发明专利申报过长，严重影响企业发展创业，建议优化专利审查协作机制，提高审查质量和效率，缩短申请授权时间，将专利申报授权时间缩短至一年以内。
（三）减缴专利维持年费。
专利申报费用和年费负担过重，尤其对于双创企业以及未转化为产品的专利负担更重，为减轻创新压力，建议对申报知识产权的费用和年费给予减免或取消。V
（四）支持知识产权质押融资。
支持知识产权质押融资。进一步完善扶持政策，提升金融机构开展知识产权质押融资的积极性。加大宣传培训力度，多种形式广泛宣传政府部门对小微企业的信贷支持政策、知识产权质押融资法律法规，宣传知识产权质押融资的典型案例，让企业真正认识到知识产权质押融资的作用和价值。建立健全知识产权质押融资风险管控机制，降低质押融资风险，避免兑现难问题。搭建交流互通平台，加强政银企互联互通，共同激发知识产权质押融资活力，促进“知产”变“资产”。
英文翻译：
To enhance the core competitiveness of the manufacturing industry, it is necessary to start a number of industrial base reconstruction projects and stimulate the emergence of a number of “specialized and special new” small and medium-sized enterprises. The manufacturing industry of any city, “specialized and special new” is a striking intellectual property responsibility.
However, according to the survey, there are currently four difficulties in patent cultivation of “specialized . And special new” small and medium-sized enterprises.
First, the patent application cost is higher.
There are two ways to apply for a patent: electronic application and written application. At present, the local patent agencies no longer accept written applications from 2019. And all require applications in the form of electronic documents.数字化转型网www.szhzxw.cn
If the applicant needs to apply in written form, the application documents and other documents should be submitted to the acceptance window of the State Patent Office or sent to the Patent Acceptance Office of the State Intellectual Property Office. Most of the ordinary applicants choose to go through patent agencies because they are not familiar with the patent application process, are not convenient to handle . And do not write patent requests and specification abstracts.
According to statistics, a district applied for 1,019 new types of patents in 2020, of which 280 were applied by enterprises (individuals/scientific research/institutions/other subjects), accounting for 27.48%; There were 739 applications through patent agencies, accounting for 72.52%. It is understood that the cost of applying for a patent through a regular patent agency is higher, the invention patent agency fee is 4000-5000 yuan/piece, the utility model patent agency fee is 1800-2500 yuan/piece. And the appearance patent is 600-800 yuan/piece.
The cases of enterprises (individuals/scientific research/institutions/other subjects) applying for patents independently are very limited. And they often choose “black agents” without agent qualifications but with relatively cheap fees. Because the “black agent” has no responsibility constraints, it cannot connect to the State Intellectual Property Office system. And there is no quality guarantee for the relevant documents that need to be written for patent application. Only for the purpose of “successfully applying” to obtain a patent certificate, it may cause the lack of quality of related documents such as claims in the certificate and thus fail to achieve the purpose of truly protecting the intellectual property rights of enterprises.
Second, patent application takes a long time.
The patent application procedure is relatively complicated, and the invention patent application needs five stages: acceptance, preliminary examination, publication, substantive examination and authorization. A utility model patent or a design patent does not undergo publication and substantive application in the examination and approval process. And only needs to go through three stages: acceptance, preliminary examination and authorization. Application for invention patent can not be “one application, all completed”.数字化转型网www.szhzxw.cn
If the State Patent Office considers that the application for an invention patent does not comply with the relevant provisions of the Patent Law after substantive examination.
The applicant should also state his opinion or amend his application within the prescribed time limit, otherwise the application is deemed to be withdrawn. Where the State Patent Office, after preliminary examination, finds that the relevant requirements of the Patent Law are met, it shall be published 18 months after the date of filing. Under normal circumstances, the invention patent from application to authorization takes two and a half to three years . The shortest also takes one and a half years. The application time is long and the approval rate is low.
For example, a “little giant” enterprise submitted two invention patent applications on December 18, 2015, which were accepted by the State Intellectual Property Office on December 21, 2015. And rejected on October 8, 2018, and the review time was nearly 3 years. Referring to the case, if the enterprise successfully develops a product, it must wait for 3 years to determine the approval or rejection, which will cause great obstacles to the technological innovation of “specialized and special” small and medium-sized enterprises. At present, with the rapid development of social science and technology, if the “specialized and special new” small and medium-sized enterprises can not keep up with the pace of market development, they will face the danger of being eliminated.
Third, the annual patent maintenance fee is higher.
After the patent is granted, regardless of whether it is converted into a product, it needs to pay an annual fee every year. And the longer the years, the higher the cost. For example, the annual fee for invention patent is 900 yuan/year for 1-3 years, and 8000 yuan/year for 16-20 years. The annual fee for utility model and appearance design is 600 yuan/year for 1-3 years . And 2000 yuan/year for 9-10 years.
The annual fee is not a small burden for the patent application enterprise that has not been transformed into a product, and if the annual fee is not paid continuously in the middle, the patent will be invalid. A company in Chongqing did not pay patent maintenance fees on time due to personnel changes, resulting in the invalidation of two invention patents, and the company failed to successfully declare to become a “specialized and special new” enterprise, which adversely affected the development of the enterprise.
Fourth, patent pledge financing is difficult.
The role of intellectual property pledge financing in promoting the development. And growth of “specialized and special new” enterprises has become increasingly prominent. Some “specialized and special” enterprises with financing needs are unclear about how to do, who to find, and what preferential policies they have for intellectual property pledge financing. And financial institutions that have carried out intellectual property pledge financing business cannot grasp the intellectual property value and credit demand of enterprises in a timely manner. This kind of information communication barrier leads to the failure of effective cooperation between enterprises and financial institutions. And the progress of intellectual property pledge financing is relatively slow.
At the same time, due to the insufficient support of financial institutions, the weak awareness of enterprises to carry out intellectual property pledge financing. And the problems of difficult and expensive evaluation of intellectual property value, difficult to cash. And unstable value, the difficulty of patent pledge financing loans has been further increased.
In response to the above problems, it is suggested that market supervision departments carry out work from the following four aspects:
(1) Standardize patent agency behavior.
Further strengthen the supervision of patent agencies, improve the quality of patent agencies, carry out the “blue sky” action. And focus on the rectification of unqualified patent agents and the use of discrediting other agencies, false publicity, fraud. And other improper means to solicit business.
(2) Shorten the patent application cycle.
The invention patent declaration is too long, which seriously affects the development and entrepreneurship of enterprises. And it is recommended to optimize the cooperation mechanism of patent examination, improve the quality and efficiency of examination, shorten the application and authorization time. And shorten the patent declaration and authorization time to less than one year.
(3) Reduce the annual patent maintenance fee.
The burden of patent filing fees and annual fees is too heavy, especially for double-creation enterprises. And patents that have not been transformed into products. In order to reduce the pressure on innovation, it is recommended to reduce or cancel the cost. And annual fees of intellectual property declaration.数字化转型网www.szhzxw.cn
(4) Support intellectual property pledge financing.
Support intellectual property pledge financing. Further improve supporting policies and enhance the enthusiasm of financial institutions to carry out intellectual property pledge financing. Increase publicity and training efforts, widely publicize government departments’ credit support policies for small and micro enterprises, laws and regulations on intellectual property pledge financing in various forms, publicize typical cases of intellectual property pledge financing, so that enterprises can truly realize the role and value of intellectual property pledge financing. Establish and improve the risk control mechanism of intellectual property pledge financing, reduce the risk of pledge financing, and avoid the problem of difficulty in cashing. Build a platform for exchanges and exchanges, strengthen the connectivity between government, banks and enterprises, jointly stimulate the vitality of intellectual property pledge financing, and promote the transformation of “intellectual property” into “assets”.
本文由数字化转型网（www.szhzxw.cn）转载而成，来源于创造方法融合资源解决需求；编辑/翻译：数字化转型网小汤圆。
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