本文为数字化转型网（szhzxw.cn）EAM专题系列文章：EAM（企业资产管理系统）的起源与发展。本文讲述了EAM（企业资产管理系统）的起源与发展、EAM在中国的发展。
什么是EAM？EAM，英文全称Enterprise Asset Management，中文全称企业资产管理系统，是面向资产密集型企业的信息化、制造业信息化、企业信息化解决方案的统称。EAM是指在资产密集型产业里通过信息化手段，合理安排维修计划及相关资源与活动。EAM以提高资产可利用率为目标来实现增效，通过优化安排维修资源来实现降本，从而提升企业经济效益及增强企业市场竞争力。
一、EAM的起源与发展（Origin and development of EAM）
EAM的前身为CMMS（Computerized Maintenance Management System：计算机化的设备维护管理系统）。数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
18世纪第一次产业革命至19世纪
EAM系统在此时的作用是当设备故障或失效时非计划性维修。
19世纪至20世纪30年代数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
EAM系统在此时的作用是定期点检及早期维护，在这阶段，EAM系统包括计划检修和定期检修。其中计划检修是以设备修理周期、结构和复杂度系数等一套定额标准为依据，采用强制预修理，即按计划周期图表对设备修理。EAM系统中定期维修是以设备日常点检和定期点检为基础，依据点检发现缺陷，及时编制检修计划，以便对设备修理、排除隐患，恢复设备的性能。
20世纪40年代至80年代数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
EAM系统在这时的作用是经济检修，此后EAM资产管理系统的功能升级为全员维修。EAM系统在这时的功能包含事后维修(BM)、预防维修(PM)、改进维修(CM)和维修预防(MP)。EAM系统在这时的特点是设备现代化、管理现代化，EAM系统在这时开始拥有设备寿命周期评价，在此阶段，也产生了设备综合工程学、维修工程学等学科，EAM系统维修组织集中化发展，维修活动全员参与。
20世纪80年代至今数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
EAM系统在这时的功能是依据对设备运行状态监测、预测和判别做出维修决策。维修决策的产生条件是从科学技术领域分化、综合发展，EAM系统对设备管理，不仅有各种理论支持，还以监测和诊断的科学技术手段为基础。在这一阶段，设备管理也向着社会化、专业化和国际化发展，运行人员在此时开始参与检修。
二、EAM在中国的发展（EAM’s development in China）
进入新世纪后，越来越多的中国企业面临三个难题：数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
第一个难题，设备维护成本不断攀升。上世纪末的高速发展后，中国工业很多设备已进入故障高发期，维护成本不断攀升。
第二个难题，资产利用率不断降低。在进入新世纪后，越来越多的中国企业意识到设备管理不善时，容易造成企业制造资源与设备资产资源之间产生生产排程困难、物料供应控制缺失、产品提供能力紧张等冲突现象，而这些现象往往会导致更多的设备维护和运行成本产生及资产利用率降低。数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
第三个难题，更新设备无法解决企业竞争力问题。随着全球性竞争等外部环境的巨大变化，若只一味的依靠更新设备的方式，对于企业来说既意味着代价巨大的投资，同时过去降低企业管理费用的设备维护方法无法适应新的要求。
中国企业在设备管理上使用系统最早开始于上世纪八十年代中期，历经了初期的CMMS(计算机化的维护维修系统，Computerized Maintenance Management Systems) 到最近兴起的EAM (企业设备资产管理系统，Enterprise Asset Management)的一个不断深入的过程。
1996年及以前数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
企业所使用的设备管理信息系统，定位于设备管理的辅助性工具，主要以静态信息处理为特征，以计算机化的维护维修功能为主。1992年以后，国外的设备管理软件开始进入中国，并以预防维修为管理的主要功能。
1997年起
设备管理信息化的发展进入网络化动态信息处理阶段，主要的特征是基于网络通信技术实现了信息处理的动态化。这个阶段的主要问题是，在急剧变化的经济环境影响下，特别是新设备、先进生产线和工艺的引进，直接冲击着传统的设备管理模式，中国企业的设备管理呈现一种不确定状态，因此，这一阶段中国境内出现的十多种设备管理软件产品，都由于系统管理模式的不确定而未能很好地解决符合企业管理实际这一重要问题。、数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
2022年起
自2002年开始进入EAM阶段，并按两个方向进行。一是以服务于国有企业为主的本土化技术服务商，按设备综合工程学和全寿命周期管理理论，采取面向工作流程的设计方法，通过导入先进的管理思想与管理方法，为企业建立以工作管理和业务过程控制为主的设备资产管理系统(EAM)。另一个方向是以服务于合资、外资企业为主的国外软件公司，尽管也以EAM为核心概念，但系统提供的功能主要还是以预防维修管理和工单式业务驱动为主，且用户多集中于具有外资背景的跨国制造企业。数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
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翻译：
EAM, Enterprise Asset Management in English and Enterprise Asset Management system in Chinese, is a general term for informatization solutions for asset-intensive enterprises, manufacturing informatization and enterprise informatization. EAM refers to the rational arrangement of maintenance plans and related resources and activities in asset-intensive industries by means of information technology. EAM aims to improve the utilization rate of assets to achieve efficiency, and realizes cost reduction by optimizing the arrangement of maintenance resources, so as to improve the economic benefits of enterprises and enhance their market competitiveness.
Origin and development of EAM
EAM is formerly known as CMMS (Computerized Maintenance Management System: Equipment Maintenance Management System).数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
The first Industrial revolution in the 18th century to the 19th century
The role of the EAM system at this point is unscheduled maintenance in the event of equipment failure or failure.
From the 19th century to the 1930s
The role of the EAM system at this stage is periodic spot inspection and early maintenance. In this stage, the EAM system includes scheduled overhaul and periodic overhaul. The planned maintenance is based on a set of quota standards such as equipment repair cycle, structure and complexity coefficient, and adopts compulsory pre-repair, that is, equipment repair according to the planned cycle chart. Regular maintenance in EAM system is based on daily spot inspection and regular spot inspection of equipment. According to spot inspection, defects are found and maintenance plans are prepared in time, so as to repair equipment, eliminate hidden dangers and restore the performance of equipment.
From the 1940s to the 1980s数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
The role of the EAM system at this time was economic overhaul, and since then the function of the EAM asset management system has been upgraded to full personnel maintenance. The functions of the EAM system at this point include post maintenance (BM), preventive maintenance (PM), improvement maintenance (CM), and maintenance prevention (MP). At this stage, EAM system is characterized by equipment modernization and management modernization. At this stage, EAM system begins to have equipment life cycle evaluation. At this stage, comprehensive equipment engineering, maintenance engineering and other disciplines are also generated.
1980s to present数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
The function of the EAM system at this time is to make maintenance decisions based on the monitoring, prediction and identification of equipment operating condition. The conditions for the generation of maintenance decisions are differentiated and integrated from the field of science and technology. EAM system not only has a variety of theoretical support for equipment management, but also is based on the scientific and technological means of monitoring and diagnosis. At this stage, equipment management is also becoming social, professional and international, and operators begin to participate in overhaul.
EAM’s development in China (EAM’s development in China)
Entering the new century, more and more Chinese enterprises are faced with three problems:
The first problem is the rising cost of equipment maintenance. After the rapid development at the end of last century, many industrial equipment in China has entered a period of high failure, and the maintenance cost is rising.数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
The second problem is declining asset utilization. In the new century, more and more Chinese enterprises realize that improper management of equipment is likely to lead to production scheduling difficulties, lack of material supply control, product supply capacity tension and other conflicts between manufacturing resources and equipment assets resources, which often lead to more equipment maintenance and operation costs and lower asset utilization rate.
The third problem is that upgrading equipment cannot solve the problem of enterprise competitiveness. With the great changes in the external environment such as global competition, if only blindly rely on the update of equipment, it means a huge cost of investment for enterprises, at the same time, the past equipment maintenance methods to reduce the management cost of enterprises can not meet the new requirements.
The use of equipment Management Systems by Chinese companies began in the mid-1980s and featured Computerized Maintenance systems like CMMS and EAM. Enterprise Asset Management), an ever-deepening process.数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
In 1996 and before
The equipment management information system used by enterprises is positioned as an auxiliary tool for equipment management. It is mainly characterized by static information processing and computerized maintenance functions. After 1992, foreign equipment management software began to enter China, and preventive maintenance as the main function of management.
Since 1997数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
The development of equipment management information has entered the stage of networked dynamic information processing, which is characterized by dynamic information processing based on network communication technology. The main problem in this stage is that, under the influence of the rapidly changing economic environment, especially the introduction of new equipment, advanced production lines and processes, directly impacts the traditional equipment management mode, and the equipment management of Chinese enterprises presents an uncertain state. Therefore, more than 10 kinds of equipment management software products appeared in China during this stage. Because of the uncertainty of the system management mode, it fails to solve the important problem that conforms to the practice of enterprise management. ,
From 2022数字化转型网szhzxw.cn
Since 2002, it has entered the EAM stage and proceeded in two directions. The first is to serve state-owned enterprises based on localized technology service providers, according to the equipment integrated engineering and the whole life cycle management theory, adopt the workflow oriented design method, through the introduction of advanced management ideas and management methods, for enterprises to establish the equipment asset management system (EAM) based on work management and business process control. The other direction is for foreign software companies mainly serving joint ventures and foreign-funded enterprises. Although EAM is also the core concept, the functions provided by the system are mainly preventive maintenance management and work order business driving, and the users are mostly concentrated in multinational manufacturing enterprises with foreign-funded background.
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