在新经济的浪潮下，市场的竞争愈发激烈，早已不是企业之间单纯的竞争，而是升级为基于供应链的生态系统之战。
随着德国工业4.0、美国工业互联网以及中国工业2025的兴起，世界进入智能计算时代。传统供应链开始逐渐朝数字化、智慧化供应链转型；物联网、云计算、大数据、人工智能等新型技术的应用开始“蠢蠢欲动”，新一轮科技革命兴起，正从根本上颠覆原有体系，新智造成为下个风口。
7月20日-22日，第十三届运营与供应链管理国际会议第二届战略供应链思想领袖论坛暨第四届益邦知行大讲堂峰会在深圳圆满举行，国际供应链与运营管理学会创始人及终身名誉主席赵先德教授受邀出席，就供应链的发展现状、新技术的应用以及人才培养等多纬度与其展开了深入对话。
一、国内供应链发展现状：企业要重视供应链管理
据了解，供应链管理作为一种理念，其历史还不足30年。作为供应链管理领域深入研究的学者，请您谈一谈供应链管理的意义何在以及在中国的发展现状。
赵先德：首先要明确供应链的定义：以客户需求为导向，以提高质量和效率为目标，以整合资源为手段，实现产品设计、采购、生产、销售、服务等全过程高效协同的组织形态。
供应链管理的最终目标是为了满足客户的需求，需要把客户使用的环节，服务的环节，与设计制造、物流配送这些不同的环节都整合起来，进行协同管理。
目前，中国企业能够地将不同的环节连接在一起的程度相对较低。例如有些制造型企业，特别是改革开放建立起来的工厂，大部分只侧重组装环节，有些最多会在供应过程的最后加入采购环节，因此形成企业距离最终用户较远的局面。
企业该如何提高供应链管理水平？
赵先德：有两个方面的建议，一方面一定要重视供应链的支持。实质上很多企业没有接受过系统的供应链教育，所以一定要让厂商从供应链的不同环节跳出来，培养供应链系统的思维，基于该思维应用供应链的方法及工具，从而把供应链链条上的不同环节真正连起来。其本质其实就要跨功能、跨部门、跨组织。
另一方面要做现代供应链管理，我认为现代供应链有三大特征或者说三大能力，即PDA供应链：首先，需要拉式供应链（Pull Supply Chain）来开启由消费者需求驱动全链条的脚步；其次，需要敏捷供应链（Agile Supply Chain）来灵活配置各种资源、快速准确响应消费者无界的需求；然后，还需要数字供应链（Digital Supply Chain）来连接上述需求传递和资源配置过程汇总的前后端和端到端，由全链条的大数据驱动决策优化，进一步降本增效。现代供应链本质其实就是基于数字化技术的供应链管理。
放眼全球，您觉得在供应链管理上有哪些做得好的企业？
赵先德：近几年我们还是看到了很多企业在供应链管理方面的努力和创新。如传统制造型企业海尔，在发展初期从工厂车间做起，通过精益化的生产系统设计和标准化的生产流程，把产品质量提高、成本降低，最后形成一个高效型的生产体系。而随着竞争越来越激烈，客户在新产品上的选择也越来越多，这时候要在市场上有竞争优势，必须按照客户的需求来定制，同时还要兼顾低成本，在这样的背景下海尔开发了大规模定制系统，并在此基础上发展了服务型制造。 服务型制造指的是要了解谁是最终的用户，他们是如何使用产品，在这个过程中企业如何提供服务，创造价值。如此一来就可以使企业逐渐向最终用户接近。
后来互联网浪潮来了，海尔在不同环节都做了互联网平台，如海达源、众创汇、海创汇、智能工厂等平台，同时，海尔又打造了COSMOPlat工业互联网平台，一端连着用户，一端连接有生产能力的模块化供应商，同时连接有物流配送能力、设计能力的终端，最后就形成了供应链平台生态圈里既有资源方、也有需求方的供应局面。而这个就是我们所能看到的供应链最高级阶段，即供应链加生态圈的模式。
您如何理解本次会议的主题“新供应，新智造，新流通”？
赵先德：这次的主题聚焦在“新”上，我认为“新”起码有两个维度：第一，利用新的技术手段去整合创新供应链不同的流程；第二，用新的思维去改变不同企业之间的合作模式。当新的思维改变了合作模式，又改变了流程和决策方式的时候，往往就会发现新的商业模式。所以，“新”不能只是每个环节的“新”，这样的获益并不高。
您刚提及新的商业模式目前有哪些？
赵先德：这里面有很多有意思的例子，再回到海尔的案例。海尔本身是做家电的，但其并没有止步于此，而是在思考如何利用在家电行业中积累的知识和经验帮助服装、电子、陶瓷等行业转型升级，这就涉及到如何打造一个新的商业模式的问题。对此海尔创造了COSMOPlat平台为其他行业提供服务，目前这个平台已经在15个行业中落地了。以前的家电行业，一般是企业先了解客户的需求，再设计合适的产品提供给客户，现在则变成了不同的行业基于行业遇到的问题，思考怎样给客户提供供应链服务。简而言之就是：商业模式从原来的售卖、生产、设计家电变成了卖供应链的服务。这一巨大的转变正是基于供应链管理的核心能力进行转变的。
二、新技术来袭：助推供应链管理更加完善与高效
如何通过数字化技术支持供应链的整合创新？
赵先德：总结来说：传统制造型企业的创新路径是，从传统的推式供应链开始，转变为客户拉动的供应链，即C2M，最终演变为基于C2M的，同时为其第三方企业提供服务的S2B平台生态圈。
前端客户起家型制造业供应链的创新路径是，从与顾客互动的前端起家，深入后端生产，最终演变为线上线下整合的平台生态圈，同时为其第三方企业提供服务的S2B平台生态圈。
流通行业供应链的创新路径是，从供应链某环节服务商开始，向上向下延伸，整合其他供应链各环节形成一站式服务，最终演变成同时为客户和第三方企业提供服务的S2B平台生态圈。
工业4.0技能将成为供应链最新模式，对于这句话您怎么看？
赵先德：事实上，供应链跟工业4.0有很紧密的关系，因为真正的工业4.0能够基于顾客的需求连接不同的组织，决定什么时候谁做什么样的研发活动。研发设计出来的产品自动化传送到数字化工厂，数字化工厂连接数字化的物流配送，最后数字化的物流配送又能够和其中的用户连接，这是工业4.0的最高境界。
区块链技术被认为是继蒸汽机、电力、互联网之后的颠覆性创新。区块链作为一个全新的革命性技术，您认为可以解决供应链的哪些痛点？
赵先德：区块链能够解决供应链的很多痛点。一是可以利用分散式的账本把供应链不同环节记下来，解决供应链里边可视化、可追踪的问题。比如，现在很多人对国内的奶粉质量不信任，所以选择买国外的，但所买的奶粉是不是真的在国外生产？质量是不是真的过关？对于这些问题，利用区块链技术能够实现可视化追踪，使消费者可以更好地了解产品的源头和质量。
二是有利于不同组织之间的数据的整合优化。传统供应链中各有各的信息系统，要整合起来并非易事，一是跨体制的整合本来就很难，二是彼此的数据是否可靠。如果设计一个区块链系统就可以解决这方面的问题。
三是目前越来越热的供应链金融，大企业的上游中小型供应商、下游中小型分销商往往会面临严峻的资金紧缺问题，因为这些中小企业没有那么多资产，无法进行抵押。对于中小企业的经营情况，银行实际上也很难拿到可信的数据，所以不愿意向中小型企业贷款。如果把中小企业在供应链不同环节的经营情况通过区块链共享给银行，就解决了中小企业信息不对称的问题，也就解决了银行是否可以给中小企业放款的问题。
您认为5G时代的到来，会给整个供应链行业带来什么变化？
赵先德：高速低延时的网络传输技术以及强大的数据储存量可以使大数据的获取更快速、更容易，这是最主要的变化。比如，假设每一个用户都使用5G技术，关于他的消费行为在可以在很多不同的环节进行收集。另外， 5G技术加上物联网的数据，可以把生产中不同环节，不同组织的供应方数据连接起来，在这个基础上可以对供应链进行优化。
三、供应链人才培养：一个循序渐进的过程
在您看来，供应链管理人才最应具备的能力是什么？
赵先德：首先，供应链管理的人才要能够深入到供应链，了解供应链不同环节的流程，这是最基础的知识。第二，能够利用新型的技术帮助创新不同的环节。第三，要有创新的思维支持公司新的商业模式。目前来说真正能够进行整个供应链流程管理的人才是很缺乏的，而能够基于供应链知识，进一步总结规律，建立系统，再用系统为其他生态圈的伙伴提供服务的人才就更少了。 我认为人才可能是企业在供应链创新、商业模式创新、企业转型升级中面临的最主要的问题。
关于供应链人才管理的途径，您有哪些建议？
赵先德：这是一个循序渐进的过程。企业要根据自己的战略需求，有意识地派不同的人去学习供应链知识知识。诸如京东、阿里巴巴这样知名的互联网企业，京东的做法是送原有的人才去学习，培养“Y-SMART SC”智慧供应链里面的年轻人，让他们去考APICS-SCC证书，学习传统行业总结出来的与供应链管理相关的知识和经验，再结合自身的互联网知识储备，培养具有更加广博知识的人才。而阿里则是去传统行业挖供应链管理人才，这也是很多企业目前的做法。挖过来的人才，本身有实体供应链管理的实操经验再加上互联网思维和新型的技术，最后形成了复合型人才。
人才的培养不能急于一时，一方面企业需要在人才教育上投入资金，让更多的员工接受培训，另一方面也要和不同类型的企业之间进行多交流，不要形成“互联网企业瞧不起传统企业，传统企业瞧不起互联网”的局面，两个行业之间的知识和经验实际上应该是互补互利的。
翻译：
In the wave of the new economy, the market competition is becoming more and more fierce. It is no longer a simple competition between enterprises, but an upgraded ecosystem battle based on supply chain.
With the rise of Germany’s Industry 4.0, America’s Industrial Internet and China’s Industrial 2025, the world has entered the era of intelligent computing. The traditional supply chain is gradually transforming to digital and intelligent supply chain. The application of new technologies such as the Internet of Things, cloud computing, big data and artificial intelligence has begun to “stir”, and a new round of scientific and technological revolution has arisen, which is fundamentally subverting the original system and creating new intelligence as the next tuyere.
From July 20 to 22, the 13th International Conference on Operations and Supply Chain Management, the 2nd Strategic Supply Chain Thought Leaders Forum and the 4th Yibang Knowledge and Action Forum Summit was successfully held in Shenzhen. Professor Zhao Xiande, founder and honorary life president of International Supply Chain and Operations Management Society, was invited to attend. Tencent Dayue Website interviewed Professor Zhao Xiande. We have an in-depth dialogue on the development status of supply chain, application of new technology and talent cultivation.
Domestic supply chain development status: enterprises should pay attention to supply chain management
As far as we know, supply chain management as an idea, its history is less than 30 years. As a scholar in the field of supply chain management, please talk about the significance of supply chain management and its development in China.
Zhao Xiande: First of all, the definition of supply chain should be clearly defined: oriented by customer demand, aiming at improving quality and efficiency, and taking resource integration as a means to achieve an efficient and collaborative organizational form in the whole process of product design, procurement, production, sales and service.
The ultimate goal of supply chain management is to meet the needs of customers. It is necessary to integrate the links used by customers, service links, design and manufacturing, logistics and distribution, and carry out collaborative management.
At present, Chinese companies are able to connect the different links to a relatively low degree. For example, some manufacturing enterprises, especially those established in the reform and opening up, mostly focus on the assembly link, and some will at most join the procurement link at the end of the supply process, thus forming the situation that enterprises are far away from the end user.
How should enterprises improve the level of supply chain management?
Zhao Xiande: There are two suggestions. On the one hand, we must attach importance to the support of the supply chain. In fact, many enterprises have not received systematic supply chain education, so it is necessary to let manufacturers jump out of the different links of the supply chain, cultivate the thinking of the supply chain system, and apply the methods and tools of the supply chain based on the thinking, so as to truly connect the different links of the supply chain. Its essence is to cross function, cross department, cross organization.
On the other hand, modern Supply Chain management should be done. I think modern supply chain has three characteristics or three capabilities, namely PDA supply chain. First, Pull Supply Chain is needed to open the steps of the whole chain driven by consumer demand. Secondly, Agile Supply Chain is needed to flexibly allocate various resources and quickly and accurately respond to unbounded demands of consumers. Then, a Digital Supply Chain is needed to connect the front, back, and end to end of the above demand transmission and resource allocation process summary. Big data of the whole chain drives decision optimization to further reduce cost and increase efficiency. The essence of modern supply chain is supply chain management based on digital technology.
Tencent Dayue Network: Looking around the world, what enterprises do you think do well in supply chain management?
Zhao Xiande: In recent years, we have seen many enterprises’ efforts and innovations in supply chain management. For example, Haier, a traditional manufacturing enterprise, started from the factory workshop in the early stage of development, improved product quality and reduced cost through lean production system design and standardized production process, and finally formed an efficient production system. As the competition becomes more and more fierce, customers have more and more choices in new products.
At this time, in order to have a competitive advantage in the market, customers must be customized according to the needs of customers, while taking into account the low cost. Under such a background, Haier developed a mass customization system, and on this basis, developed service-oriented manufacturing. Service-oriented manufacturing refers to understanding who is the end user, how they use the product, and how the enterprise provides services and creates value in this process. In this way, the enterprise can gradually become closer to the end user.
Later, the Internet wave came, and Haier built Internet platforms in different links, such as Haida Yuan, ZhongChuanghui, Haichuanghui, intelligent Factory, etc. At the same time, Haier also built COSMOPlat industrial Internet platform, which connects users at one end, modular suppliers with production capacity at the other end, and terminals with logistics distribution capacity and design capacity at the same time. Finally, a supply situation is formed in the ecosystem of the supply chain platform with both resources and demand. And this is where we see the highest level of supply chain, supply chain plus ecosystem.
Tencent Dayue Network: How do you understand the theme of this conference “New Supply, New intelligent Manufacturing, New circulation”?
Zhao Xiande: The theme of this time focuses on “new”. I think “new” has at least two dimensions: First, the use of new technological means to integrate different processes of innovation supply chain; Second, use new thinking to change the mode of cooperation between different enterprises. New business models are often discovered when new thinking changes the mode of cooperation and changes the way processes and decisions are made. Therefore, “new” can not only be “new” in every link, such benefits are not high.
Tencent Dayue.com: What are the new business models you just mentioned?
Zhao Xiande: There are many interesting examples. Going back to the Haier case. Haier itself makes home appliances, but it does not stop there. Instead, it is thinking about how to use the knowledge and experience accumulated in the home appliances industry to help the transformation and upgrading of clothing, electronics, ceramics and other industries, which involves how to create a new business model. In response, Haier created COSMOPlat, a platform for other industries, which is now available in 15.
In the previous household appliance industry, enterprises generally understood the needs of customers first, and then designed appropriate products to provide to customers. Now, different industries think about how to provide supply chain services to customers based on the problems encountered in the industry. In short: the business model has changed from selling, producing and designing home appliances to selling supply chain services. This great transformation is based on the core competence of supply chain management.
The attack of new technology: boost supply chain management more perfect and efficient
How to support the integration and innovation of supply chain through digital technology?
Zhao Xiande: In summary, the innovation path of traditional manufacturing enterprises is to change from the traditional push-type supply chain to the customer-driven supply chain (C2M), and finally to the S2B platform ecosystem based on C2M, which provides services for their third party enterprises.
The innovation path of the front-end customer-oriented manufacturing supply chain is to start from the front-end of customer interaction, go deep into the back-end production, and finally evolve into the platform ecosystem integrating online and offline, and at the same time provide services for the third party enterprises of the S2B platform ecosystem.
The innovation path of the supply chain of the circulation industry is to start from a service provider in a certain link of the supply chain, extend upward and downward, integrate other links of the supply chain to form a one-stop service, and eventually evolve into the S2B platform ecosystem that provides services for both customers and third-party enterprises.
Tencent Dayue website: Industry 4.0 skills will become the latest model of supply chain, how do you think about this statement?
Zhao Xiande: In fact, the supply chain is closely related to Industry 4.0, because the real Industry 4.0 can connect different organizations based on the needs of customers, and decide what kind of research and development activities when and who. The products developed and designed are automatically transmitted to the digital factory, which connects the digital logistics distribution, and finally the digital logistics distribution can connect with the users, which is the highest level of industry 4.0.
Blockchain technology is regarded as a disruptive innovation after steam engine, electric power and Internet.
As a new revolutionary technology, what pain points in the supply chain do you think can be solved by blockchain?
Zhao Xiande: Blockchain can solve many pain points in the supply chain. First, we can use the distributed ledger to record the different links of the supply chain to solve the visualization and traceable problems inside the supply chain. For example, many people now do not trust the quality of domestic milk powder, so they choose to buy foreign milk powder, but is the milk powder really produced abroad? Is the quality really up to standard? For these problems, visual tracking can be achieved using blockchain technology. So that consumers can better understand the origin and quality of products.
Second, it is conducive to the integration and optimization of data between different organizations. The traditional supply chain has its own information systems, so it is not easy to integrate them. First, it is difficult to integrate across systems; second, whether each other’s data is reliable. If you design a blockchain system, you can solve this problem.
Third, the increasingly hot supply chain finance, the upstream small and medium-sized suppliers of large enterprises, downstream small and medium-sized distributors often face a severe shortage of funds. Because these small and medium-sized enterprises do not have so many assets, unable to mortgage. Banks are also reluctant to lend to small and medium-sized companies. Because they have difficulty obtaining reliable data on their performance. If the operation conditions of smes in different links of the supply chain are shared with banks through blockchain. The problem of information asymmetry of smes can be solved. And the problem of whether banks can lend money to smes can be solved.
Tencent Dayue Network: What changes do you think will be brought to the whole supply chain industry by the arrival of 5G era?
Zhao Xiande: High-speed and low-latency network transmission technology and powerful data storage will make big data acquisition faster and easier. This is the main change. For example, if every user uses 5G technology, information about his consumption behavior can be collected in many different links. In addition, 5G technology and the data of the Internet of things can connect the supplier data of different links in production and different organizations, and the supply chain can be optimized on this basis.
Supply chain talent cultivation: a step-by-step process
Tencent Dayue.com: In your opinion, what are the most important abilities of supply chain management talents?
Zhao Xiande: First of all, supply chain management personnel should be able to go deep into the supply chain and understand the process of different links of the supply chain, which is the most basic knowledge. Second, new technologies can be used to help innovate different links. Third, innovative thinking should support the company’s new business model. At present, there is a shortage of talents who are really able to manage the whole supply chain process. And there are even fewer talents who can further summarize rules and establish systems based on supply chain knowledge. And then provide services to other partners in the ecosystem with the system. In my opinion, talent may be the most important problem faced by enterprises in supply chain innovation, business model innovation and enterprise transformation and upgrading.
Tencent Dayue Network: What are your suggestions on the approach of supply chain talent management?
Zhao Xiande: It’s a gradual process. Enterprises should consciously send different people to learn supply chain knowledge according to their strategic needs. For well-known Internet enterprises such as Jingdong and Alibaba, Jingdong sends its original talents to study, trains young people in the “Y-SMART SC” smart supply chain, and lets them take the APICS-SCC certificate to learn the knowledge and experience related to supply chain management summarized by traditional industries. And then combines with its own Internet knowledge reserve. Cultivate talents with broader knowledge. Alibaba, on the other hand, is seeking supply chain management talents from traditional industries. Which is also the current practice of many enterprises. The talents recruited have practical operational experience in physical supply chain management, coupled with Internet thinking and new technologies, and finally form compound talents.
On the one hand, enterprises need to invest in talent education and let more employees receive training. On the other hand, they should also communicate with different types of enterprises to avoid the situation that “Internet enterprises look down on traditional enterprises and traditional enterprises look down on the Internet”. Knowledge and experience between the two industries should actually be complementary and mutually beneficial.
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