本文由中国工程院院士、浙江大学教授谭建荣主题演讲《数字经济与数字转型：关键技术与发展趋势》整理而来，他结合自身研究和企业应用，总结了制造业数字化转型的五大法则。
谭建荣院士在演讲中提到：改革开放以来，制造业对国民经济的贡献以及对人民追求幸福生活的贡献功不可没。虽然制造业取得了有目共睹的成绩，但是也存在很多问题，尤其是近年来，制造业企业普遍感到压力很大，困难重重，究其根本原因是市场需求发生了变化。
一、市场需求的四大变化
一是由批量化生产，向定制化的方向发展；
二是由单一化的产品，向多品种的方向发展；
三是由过去的产品周期长，到现在的产品更新快；
四是由大众化的产品需求，向高端化的产品需求转变。中国数字化转型网www.szhzxw.cn
在此背景下，新一代信息技术和智能制造技术取得了快速发展。谭建荣院士指出，新一代信息技术具有四大显著特征：
第一个特征是由互联网技术发展到物联网技术；
第二个特征是由虚拟现实技术，发展到增强现实技术；
第三个特征是由网格计算技术，发展到云计算技术；
第四个特征是由机器学习技术发展到深度学习技术。中国数字化转型网www.szhzxw.cn
这些技术形成了几个典型的综合交叉领域，其中包括智能制造、混合现实、大数据和人工智能。
制造业向高质量发展，政府如何推动？专家如何引导？企业如何实施？这三个问题到目前为止尚未完全解决。谭建荣院士提到：“制造业要高质量发展，就要生产高质量的产品；生产高质量的产品，需要高质量的技术；要掌握高质量的技术，必须要有高质量的管理和高质量的人才。现在，很多制造企业存在研发能力不足，设计能力不足，创新能力不足，高端制造能力同样不足的情况。我们要实行高质量的发展，必需要实现数字化的产品。很多企业都渴望进行转型，但是怎么转？如何转？用哪些方法转？还是比较迷惑。”
二、制造业数字化转型的五大法则
为此，谭建荣院士提出了制造业企业数字化转型的五大法则。他认为，打造中国制造业升级版，要顺应“智能制造”的发展趋势。根据官方媒体报道，许多企业应用智能制造后，企业效率会提升约20%，成本可下降20%，节能减排可下降10%。未来20年，中国智能制造发展至少可带来3万亿美元左右的GDP增量。
第一条 智能制造 创新设计
作为“世界工厂”的中国，制造业一直是优势产业。但是过去几年，中国部分企业创造价值的能力正在下降，有些企业甚至面临种种困境，面对“中国制造”，部分企业逐渐呈现后劲不足的疲弱态势。
谭建荣院士指出：我们要推广智能制造，使制造业向数字化、网络化、智能化的方向发展。在这个过程中，一定要以创新设计为牵引，离开了创新设计，有些企业智能制造可能变成新一轮的产能扩大，我们要研发、设计、创新出新一代的产品，高附加值的产品，高技术含量的产品，必须要有创新设计的发展思维，用创新设计来引领智能制造，使企业不断增强研发的能力，设计的能力，创新的能力。
第二条 智能制造 工艺提升
智能制造要与工艺提升相结合。企业的智能制造会用到机器人、自动化、数字化和网络化，但是如果智能制造不与工艺相结合，将收效甚微。谭建荣院士强调：衡量企业智能制造做得好不好，有两个非常重要的层次，第一个层次是能否与行业、产品制造的工艺深度融合；第二个层次是利用人工智能、数字化、网络化的手段来提升、优化、重组传统工艺，将劳动密集型的制造工艺转化成数字化、网络化、智能化的制造工艺。中国数字化转型网www.szhzxw.cn
以海尔正在打造的“互联网工厂”为例，目前，海尔开始从大规模制造向大规模定制转变，用户下订单，订单上生产线，生产线通过系统可以形成一个大的系统，实现大批量定制。此外，海尔还在探索将消费者与生产机器人互联，比如，有些消费者想把图片印在饮料瓶上，信息便可以通过网络传给生产线机器人，机器人获取图片后就可以将其印在瓶子上。
第三条 智能制造 强化质量
通过智能制造要强化产品的质量。据统计，我国制造业在两百五十多个工业领域出现了中低端产品产能过剩的问题，生产的产品与发达国家的同类产品相比，在质量、可靠性、可用性方面还存在一定差距。
中国的制造业企业要顺应“智能制造”的发展趋势，以信息化与工业化深度融合为主线，强化工业基础能力，提高工艺水平和产品质量，推进智能制造、绿色制造。促进生产性服务业与制造业融合发展，提升制造业层次和核心竞争力。中国数字化转型网www.szhzxw.cn
制造企业要通过数字化转型，通过智能制造强化产品质量。谭建荣院士提到：70年代，日本丰田公司就进行了全面质量管理，产品的质量与企业的每个员工、每个岗位、每个时段都息息相关，智能制造要跟6S管理、精益生产有机结合起来。
第四条 智能制造 延伸服务
通过智能制造延伸服务，也就是将制造业延伸到制造服务业，通过制造服务来获取利润。谭建荣院士提到，制造服务有两个基本原则：第一个是高技术的服务，第二个是高附加值的服务，只有通过高技术和高附加值的服务，才能真正把制造业转移到制造服务业上来。中国数字化转型网www.szhzxw.cn
例如，预防性维护保养解决方案是智能工厂必备的重要功能。通过对制造型企业的设备监控，可预先掌握设备性能状态，根据企业实际情况以及维修人员安排出最为灵活、高效的设备维保计划，对可能出现问题或可能需要维修保养的部分，有针对性、有计划的进行维保。某公司预防性维保解决方案帮助欧洲风力发电企业降低维保成本，节省资源的同时提高了风力发电机组的性能和工作绩效，属于典型的智能制造延伸服务。
第五条 智能制造 拓展市场
通过智能制造来拓展市场，将高质量、高技术的产品推向全球。“现在，中央提出内循环和外循环两种循环，我们要高度融合，互相促进，不断拓展我们的市场，把产品、技术和服务推广到一带一路国家，推广到欧美发达国家。”谭建荣院士如是说。他以济南二机床为例，其高速自动冲压线销往美国福特公司，这充分说明济南二机床的技术含量得到了国际同行的认可。中国数字化转型网www.szhzxw.cn
三、数字经济与转型升级
在数字经济高速发展的今天，数字经济与实体经济高度融合，对于制造业的企业来说，需要进行数字化转型，通过智能制造 创新设计、智能制造 工艺提升、智能制造 强化质量、智能制造 延伸服务、智能制造 拓展市场这五个方面的努力，将传统制造转型到数字化的制造、网络化的制造、智能化的制造，从而实现企业的数字化转型。
四、数字设计与智能制造的典型应用
最后，谭建荣院士列举了他和他的团队在数字设计和智能制造领域应用数字化、网络化、智能化技术帮助企业提升产品质量、实现转型升级的研究与技术实践。包括：中国数字化转型网www.szhzxw.cn
超大型低能耗空分装备设计制造基础研究；
高档数控机床数字化设计的关键技术；
大吨位深拉伸液压装备设计制造关键技术；
一类高端龙门加工中心创新设计关键技术；
电梯产品大批量定制与数字化智能化设计技术；
数控机床远程监控、诊断与虚拟维修技术；
大型舰船分段制造作业流程模拟与优化技术；
机器人作业布局规划及其智能制造应用技术；
重大装备多学科设计、计算与仿真技术；
数字化装备关键技术及在航天产品中的应用。中国数
字化转型网www.szhzxw.cn
翻译：
In this paper, Tan Jianrong, academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering and professor of Zhejiang University, gave a keynote speech “Digital economy and Digital transformation: Key technologies and development trends”. Combining his own research and enterprise application, he summarized the five principles of digital transformation in manufacturing industry.
Academician Tan Jianrong mentioned in his speech: Since the reform and opening up, the contribution of the manufacturing industry to the national economy and the contribution of the people to the pursuit of a happy life is indispensable. Although the manufacturing industry has made obvious achievements, there are also many problems, especially in recent years, manufacturing enterprises generally feel great pressure and difficulties, the fundamental reason is that the market demand has changed.
Four major changes in market demand
First, from mass production, to the direction of customization;
Second, from a single product, to the direction of multi-variety development;
Third, from the past product cycle is long, to the current product update fast;
Fourth, from popular product demand, to high-end product demand change.
In this context, the new generation of information technology and intelligent manufacturing technology has achieved rapid development. Academician Tan Jianrong pointed out that the new generation of information technology has four significant characteristics:中国数字化转型网www.szhzxw.cn
The first feature is the development from Internet technology to Internet of Things technology;
The second feature is the development of virtual reality technology to augmented reality technology;
The third feature is the development from grid computing technology to cloud computing technology;
The fourth feature is the development from machine learning technology to deep learning technology.
These technologies form several typical integrated cross-cutting fields, including smart manufacturing, mixed reality, big data, and artificial intelligence.中国数字化转型网www.szhzxw.cn
How can the government promote the development of manufacturing industry to high quality? How do experts lead? How does the enterprise implement? These three problems have not been fully resolved so far. Academician Tan Jianrong mentioned: “To develop the manufacturing industry with high quality, it is necessary to produce high-quality products; The production of high quality products requires high quality technology; To master high-quality technology, we must have high-quality management and high-quality talents. At present, many manufacturing enterprises have insufficient R & D capability, insufficient design capability, insufficient innovation capability, and also insufficient high-end manufacturing capability. If we want to implement high-quality development, we must realize digital products. Many companies are eager to transform, but how? How to turn? In what ways? Still confused.”
Five principles of digital transformation in manufacturing
To this end, Academician Tan Jianrong proposed five principles for the digital transformation of manufacturing enterprises. He believes that to build an upgraded version of China’s manufacturing industry, we must comply with the development trend of “intelligent manufacturing”. According to state media reports, after many enterprises apply intelligent manufacturing, the efficiency of enterprises will be increased by about 20%, the cost can be reduced by 20%, and the energy saving and emission reduction can be reduced by 10%. In the next 20 years, the development of intelligent manufacturing in China can bring at least about 3 trillion US dollars of GDP growth.中国数字化转型网www.szhzxw.cn
The first intelligent manufacturing innovation design
As the “world’s factory”, China’s manufacturing industry has always been a competitive industry. However, in the past few years, the ability of some Chinese enterprises to create value is declining, and some enterprises even face various difficulties, in the face of “made in China”, some enterprises gradually show a weak trend of insufficient momentum.
Academician Tan Jianrong pointed out that we should promote intelligent manufacturing and make the manufacturing industry develop in the direction of digitization, networking and intelligence. In this process, we must be guided by innovative design, without innovative design, some enterprises intelligent manufacturing may become a new round of capacity expansion, we want to research and development, design, innovation of a new generation of products, high value-added products, high-tech products, we must have innovative design development thinking, with innovative design to lead intelligent manufacturing. So that enterprises continue to enhance the ability of research and development, design, innovation.
The second intelligent manufacturing process upgrading
Intelligent manufacturing should be combined with process upgrading. Intelligent manufacturing in enterprises will use robots, automation, digitalization and networking, but if intelligent manufacturing is not integrated with the process, there will be little effect. Academician Tan Jianrong stressed that there are two very important levels to measure whether enterprise intelligent manufacturing is done well, the first level is whether it can be deeply integrated with the industry and product manufacturing process; The second level is the use of artificial intelligence, digital, networking means to enhance, optimize, reorganize traditional processes, labor-intensive manufacturing processes into digital, networked, intelligent manufacturing processes.中国数字化转型网www.szhzxw.cn
Taking the “Internet factory” that Haier is building as an example, at present, Haier has begun to change from large-scale manufacturing to mass customization, users place orders, orders on the production line, and the production line can form a large system through the system to achieve mass customization. In addition, Haier is also exploring the connection between consumers and production robots, for example, some consumers want to print a picture on a beverage bottle, the information can be transmitted through the network to the production line robot, and the robot can get the picture and print it on the bottle.
The third Intelligent manufacturing strengthens quality
The quality of products should be strengthened through intelligent manufacturing. According to statistics, China’s manufacturing industry in more than 250 industrial areas have the problem of low-end product overcapacity, the production of products compared with similar products in developed countries, there is still a certain gap in quality, reliability, availability.
China’s manufacturing enterprises should comply with the development trend of “intelligent manufacturing”, take the deep integration of informatization and industrialization as the main line, strengthen the industrial basic capacity, improve the process level and product quality, and promote intelligent manufacturing and green manufacturing. We will promote the integrated development of producer services and manufacturing, and raise the level and core competitiveness of the manufacturing industry.中国数字化转型网www.szhzxw.cn
Manufacturing enterprises should strengthen product quality through digital transformation and intelligent manufacturing. Academician Tan Jianrong mentioned: in the 1970s, the Japanese Toyota company carried out total quality management, the quality of the product and every employee of the enterprise, every position, every time is closely related, intelligent manufacturing should be organically combined with 6S management and lean production.
The fourth intelligent manufacturing extension services
Extending services through intelligent manufacturing, that is, extending manufacturing to manufacturing services, and obtaining profits through manufacturing services. Academician Tan Jianrong mentioned that there are two basic principles of manufacturing services: the first is high-tech services, the second is high value-added services, only through high-tech and high value-added services, in order to truly transfer the manufacturing industry to the manufacturing service industry.
For example, preventive maintenance solutions are an essential feature of smart factories. By monitoring the equipment of manufacturing enterprises, the performance status of equipment can be mastered in advance, and the most flexible and efficient equipment maintenance plan can be arranged according to the actual situation of enterprises and maintenance personnel. The parts that may have problems or may need maintenance can be maintained in a targeted and planned way. A company’s preventive maintenance solution helps European wind power companies reduce maintenance costs, save resources and improve the performance and work performance of wind turbines, which is a typical extension of intelligent manufacturing services.中国数字化转型网www.szhzxw.cn
The fifth Intelligent manufacturing expands the market
Expand the market through intelligent manufacturing, and introduce high-quality and high-tech products to the world. “Now, the central government proposes two kinds of cycles, the inner cycle and the outer cycle, we should be highly integrated, promote each other, constantly expand our market, promote products, technology and services to the Belt and Road countries, promote to the developed countries in Europe and the United States.” Academician Tan Jianrong said. He took Jinan second machine tool as an example, and its high-speed automatic stamping line was sold to the Ford Company of the United States, which fully shows that the technical content of Jinan second machine tool has been recognized by international peers.
Digital economy and transformation and upgrading
In today’s rapid development of the digital economy, the digital economy and the real economy are highly integrated, for manufacturing enterprises, it is necessary to carry out digital transformation, through intelligent manufacturing innovation design, intelligent manufacturing process improvement, intelligent manufacturing quality strengthening, intelligent manufacturing extended services, intelligent manufacturing market expansion efforts in these five aspects. The transformation of traditional manufacturing to digital manufacturing, networked manufacturing, intelligent manufacturing, so as to achieve the digital transformation of enterprises.中国数字化转型网www.szhzxw.cn
Typical applications of digital design and intelligent manufacturing
Finally, Academician Tan Jianrong listed his and his team’s research and technical practice in the field of digital design and intelligent manufacturing by applying digital, networking and intelligent technologies to help enterprises improve product quality and achieve transformation and upgrading. Includes:
Basic research on design and manufacturing of ultra-large low-energy air separation equipment;
The key technology of digital design of high-grade CNC machine tools;
Key technology of design and manufacture of large tonnage deep drawing hydraulic equipment;
A high-end gantry machining center innovative design key technology;
Elevator product mass customization and digital intelligent design technology;
Remote monitoring, diagnosis and virtual maintenance technology of CNC machine tools;
Process simulation and optimization technology of large ship segment manufacturing;
Robot job layout planning and intelligent manufacturing application technology;
Multidisciplinary design, calculation and simulation technology of major equipment;
The key technology of digital equipment and its application in aerospace products.
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