通常认为，数字化工厂就是将PLM、ERP、MES、WMS业务系统组合并实现数据集成，然后结合物联网（IoT）、大数据、人工智能等技术，以及基于云计算、边缘计算等构建的数字化生产平台，实现生产过程的自动化、数字化和智能化。
但实际情况是否真的如此？在大规模批量生产的流程制造也许问题还不明显，但对于小批量、需要较高柔性和可定制性，以及对市场需求反应快的离散型制造就会有较大的问题。
传统的PLM、ERP、MES、WMS等系统，主要还是基于流程和管理的业务驱动模式。过去工厂缺少很多一线生产环节数据，或信息传递较原始，效率较低，而且ERP、CRM、MES等各种信息系统互相独立，存在很多数据孤岛。这些产品通常流程重且死板，适用性差，改造难；系统间多套主数据运营，仅面向企业内部经营管理，无外部资源整合的能力。中国数字化转型网www.szhzxw.cn
现在开始有一些公司通过新型的管理软件，对工厂的数据进行整合打通，并在此基础上提供更高效的信息传递、生产管理和协同，用以适应C2M和OTD。
以C2M场景为例，如果用户在下单及提出定制化需求后，在这之后取消订单、修改订单、追加订单，或者修改了产品的属性。这些改变除了在产品数量有变化之外，还会涉及BOM、工艺、设备的变化，然后引起采购需求、生产主计划、生产计划、库存、成本、工序等一系列的变化。
这些变化会首先从PLM系统引发跟ERP、MES、WMS等系统交互，然后再是各系统的交互和协同，整个协同链路长，甚至存在链路有断点、信息孤岛和数据不一致的问题。中国数字化转型网www.szhzxw.cn
由于企业自身情况以及厂家各自擅长产品和领域的不同，PLM、ERP、MES、WMS等业务系统往往是在企业发展不同阶段，由不同厂家实施和搭建的，然后通过流程和管理来打通和协同，导致各系统间的关系是串行关系。
但实际上业务运行的实质是牵一发而动全身，他们之间是互为网状关系，但由于信息化时代数字技术还没发展起来，还不具备运行网状关系的条件和基础。当数字技术充分发展后，这个网状协同关系是可以很好地运作起来，并可事先通过数字孪生、仿真的技术手段在数字世界模拟和验证。比如无论是PLM系统，还是ERP、MES、WMS系统，它们中某一个环节发生了变化，作为出发点均需要同时跟其它几个系统协同和交互。中国数字化转型网www.szhzxw.cn
就像在小水沟里丢一块石头后，石头激起的波纹会延着水沟的某个方向延伸，可以看成是串联的波动。水沟里的水基本上往一个方向波动，波动结束后水才会整体回流，只是力道减弱了。
如果往水塘中间丢一块石头，那么激起的波浪就会向四面八方扩散和迭代。池塘里的水在荡漾出去后，这个波动自触发以后就是连续的，看起来向外扩散又像是向内回流，已经分不清哪里是开始哪里是结束。水塘这种波浪扩散、延伸和迭代的模式和效果，类似端到端的实时计算和响应，才是数字化工厂和智能制造真正需要的。中国数字化转型网www.szhzxw.cn
以C2M为例，可能一开始用户需求的变化从PLM开始触发后，系统就开始不间断地运行。但当运行到某个环节，这个环境可能是PLM、也可能是ERP、MES、WMS甚至是DCS发现异常，然后从异常点开始往四面八方扩散和延伸。这个时候已经说不清谁是开始谁是结束，因为互为因果关系。
也就是说，当数字化、智能化工厂开始运行后，业务和数据角度看，已经不清楚谁来影响谁，因为它们是你中有我，我中有你，无始无终。就像平时谈论到底是先有鸡还是先有蛋，永远都说不清楚，其实也已经不重要了，因为任何事物开始的时候可能就是以终为始，然后结束的时候就是以终为始。
因此，对于C2M和柔性制造的数字化工厂，还需要对PLM、ERP、MES、WMS等系统进行解构和重构。
要解决数据孤岛、协同链路长、以及依赖串行流程控制这些问题，就需要这些业务系统的数据都要采集、存储到同一个统一的数据平台里（数据中台）。然后在此基础上解构原有的PLM、ERP、MES、WMS等业务，将共性、关联性和协同性很强的部分融合，原有独立性较强的核心的模块继续保留，同时也会增加一些新数字孪生、仿真验证等应用场景。从纵横向两个维度对原有的业务系统进行解构和重构，然后在低代码平台进行承载和落地（类似技术中台+业务中台）。中国数字化转型网www.szhzxw.cn
解构和重构等PLM、ERP、MES、WMS系统后，可以实现端到端的数据源统一，实现一体化敏捷运营、智能决策，精确排产、自适应生产管理，全域透明、智慧拉动式生产物流，进而提高生产效率、降低生产成本、提高产品质量、提升客户满意度。中国数字化转型网www.szhzxw.cn
这种直接在数据中台上架构和实现业务系统功能的做法，可以看成是数据中台智能的延伸，类似直营店和加盟店的关系。“直营店”的数据直接通过低代码平台将数据存储到数据中台，“加盟店”是先将业务系统数据存储到自己的数据库，然后再将数据库的数据汇聚到数据中台。
也许数据中台的终极目的地就是所有的业务系统是直接架挂在数据中台之上，但那个时候也许已经不叫数据中台了，但是不管它叫什么其实不重要，它出现的时机和使命决定了它的任务和价值所在。将PLM、ERP、MES、WMS系统解构和重构实施起来会有不小的难度，首先要充分考虑好架构，然后考虑到ERP的功能模块多且很复杂。但有难度并不代表不可行，比如可以用代码平台减少开发工作量，使用具备丰富ERP产品设计团队参与和主导。中国数字化转型网www.szhzxw.cn
翻译：
How does the digital factory drive the deconstruction and reconstruction of PLM, ERP, MES, WMS and other systems?
It is generally believed that the digital factory is to combine PLM, ERP, MES, WMS business systems and realize data integration, and then combine the Internet of Things (IoT), big data, artificial intelligence and other technologies, as well as the digital production platform based on cloud computing, edge computing, etc., to realize the automation, digitalization and intelligence of the production process.
But is this really the case? In the process manufacturing of large-scale batch production, the problem may not be obvious, but for the small batch, the need for high flexibility and customizability, and the rapid response to market demand, the discrete manufacturing will have a greater problem.
Traditional PLM, ERP, MES, WMS and other systems are mainly business-driven models based on process and management. In the past, the factory lacked a lot of first-line production data, or the information transmission was primitive, the efficiency was low, and various information systems such as ERP, CRM, MES were independent of each other, and there were many data islands. These products are usually heavy and rigid process, poor applicability, difficult to transform; The operation of multiple sets of master data between systems is only for the internal operation and management of enterprises, and there is no ability to integrate external resources.中国数字化转型网www.szhzxw.cn
Now some companies are starting to integrate factory data through new management software, and on this basis provide more efficient information transfer, production management and collaboration to adapt to C2M and OTD.
Take the C2M scenario as an example, if the user placed an order and made a customized demand. Then cancelled the order, modified the order, added the order, or modified the attributes of the product. In addition to changes in the number of products. These changes will also involve changes in BOM, process, and equipment. And then cause a series of changes in procurement demand, production master plan, production plan, inventory, cost, and process.中国数字化转型网www.szhzxw.cn
These changes will first cause the PLM system to interact with ERP, MES, WMS and other systems. And then the interaction and collaboration of each system, the entire collaborative link is long. And even there are problems of link breakpoints, information islands and data inconsistency.
Due to the different situation of the enterprise itself and the different products and fields that the manufacturers are good at, PLM, ERP, MES, WMS and other business systems are often implemented and built by different manufacturers in different stages of enterprise development, and then through the process and management to open up and cooperate, resulting in a serial relationship between the systems.中国数字化转型网www.szhzxw.cn
But in fact, the essence of business operation is involved in the whole body, and they are each other’s network relationship. But because the digital technology has not developed in the information age. It does not have the conditions and basis for running the network relationship. When digital technology is fully developed, this network collaboration can be well operated. And can be simulated and verified in the digital world through digital twin and simulation technology. For example, whether it is a PLM system, or ERP, MES, WMS system, one of them has changed. And as a starting point, it is necessary to cooperate and interact with several other systems at the same time.
Just like dropping a stone in a small ditch, the ripples created by the stone will extend in a certain direction of the ditch, and can be regarded as a series of waves.
The water in the ditch fluctuates basically in one direction, and after the fluctuation is over, the water will return as a whole, but the force is weakened.中国数字化转型网www.szhzxw.cn
If you drop a stone into the middle of the pool, the waves will spread and iterate in all directions. After the water in the pond ripples out, the wave is continuous since the trigger. It looks like the outward diffusion and the inward reflux, it is not clear where the beginning and where the end. The pattern and effect of wave diffusion, extension and iteration in the pond, similar to end-to-end real-time calculation and response, is what digital factories and intelligent manufacturing really need.
In the case of C2M, for example, the system may start running uninterrupted once changes in user requirements are triggered from the beginning of PLM. But when running to a certain link, this environment may be PLM, ERP, MES, WMS or even DCS finds an exception. And then spreads and extends in all directions from the exception point. At this time, it is not clear who is the beginning and who is the end. Because there is a causal relationship between each other.中国数字化转型网www.szhzxw.cn
That is to say, when the digital, intelligent factory begins to run, from the business and data point of view. It is not clear who will affect who, because they are you have me, I have you, no beginning and no end. Just like when we talk about whether the chicken or the egg comes first, we can never say clearly. In fact, it is not important anymore. Because the beginning of anything may be the beginning of the end, and then the end is the beginning of the end.中国数字化转型网www.szhzxw.cn
Therefore, for the digital factory of C2M and flexible manufacturing, it is also necessary to deconstruct and reconstruct PLM, ERP, MES, WMS and other systems.
To solve the problems of data silos, long cooperative links, and dependent serial process control. The data of these business systems need to be collected and stored in a unified data platform (data center). Then, on this basis, deconstruct the original PLM, ERP, MES, WMS and other businesses, integrate the parts with strong commonality, correlation and synergy, continue to retain the original core modules with strong independence. And add some new digital twins, simulation verification and other application scenarios. Deconstruct and reconstruct the original business system from both vertical and horizontal dimensions. And then carry out and land on the low-code platform (similar to technology center + business center).
After deconstructing and reconstructing PLM, ERP, MES, WMS and other systems, end-to-end data source unification can be realized, integrated agile operation, intelligent decision-making, accurate production scheduling, adaptive production management, global transparency, intelligent pull production logistics, and thus improve production efficiency, reduce production costs, improve product quality, and enhance customer satisfaction.中国数字化转型网www.szhzxw.cn
This approach of building and realizing business system functions directly on the data platform can be seen as an extension of the intelligence in the data center, similar to the relationship between direct stores and franchise stores.
The data of the “direct store” is stored to the data center directly through the low-code platform. And the “franchise store” is to store the business system data to its own database. And then the data of the database is aggregated to the data center.中国数字化转型网www.szhzxw.cn
Perhaps the ultimate destination of the data center is that all business systems are directly mounted on the data center. But at that time it may not be called the data center. But no matter what it is called, it is not important. The timing and mission of its emergence determine its mission and value. The implementation of the deconstruction and reconstruction of PLM, ERP, MES and WMS systems will be not a small difficulty. First of all, we must fully consider the architecture, and then consider the many and complex functional modules of ERP. However, the difficulty does not mean that it is not feasible. Such as the code platform can be used to reduce the development workload. And the use of rich ERP product design team participation and leadership.中国数字化转型网www.szhzxw.cn
