数字化转型网人工智能专题
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本文为数字化转型网(szhzxw.cn）为人工智能/AI专题系列文章之一，本文讲述了人工智能的三大短板、应对人工智能威胁的3R法则
一、人工智能的三大短板
创新工场创始人李开复表示，AI 存在明显不足的三大短板，即便到了 2042 年，AI 可能仍然无法完全掌握这些能力，包括了:
第一、人工智能的短板：创造力。AI 不具备进行创造、构思以及战略性规划的能力。它无法选择自己的目标，无法跨领域构思，无法进行创造性的思考，也难以具备那些对人类而言不言自明的常识。
第二、人工智能的短板：同理心。AI 没有“同情”“关爱”之类的“感同身受”的感觉，无法在情感方面实现与人类的真正互动，无法给他人带去关怀。 数字化转型网www.szhzxw.cn
第三、人工智能的短板：灵巧性。AI 和机器人技术无法完成一些精确而复杂的体力工作，如灵巧的手眼协作。此外，AI 还难以很好地应对未知的或非结构化的空间。
二、应对人工智能威胁的3R法则
2023年2月，创新工场创始人李开复在微博发文“论战 ChatGPT”，首先是列举了20项AI容易取代的工作，其次分析了AI存在明显不足的三大短板，最后针对后ChatGPT时代还给出了三大生存攻略，分别是：Relearn 二次学习；Recalibrate 二次定义；Renaissance 二次复兴。
李开复称：“在《AI未来进行式》一书中，我通过故事和讲解给出了三大生存攻略，在英文简称三个R: Relearn二次学习，Recalibrate 二次定义，Renaissance 二次复兴。”
1. Relearn 二次学习
现在就发出警告，唤醒踩在失业悬崖边缘的人们，鼓励主动出击，重新学习。
令人欣慰的是，有不少人类的工作是AI难以胜任的，特别是那些需要创造力、复杂工艺、社交技巧以及依赖人工操作AI工具的工作。我们倡导人们积极投入二次学习，掌握从事此类工作的(新)技能，为适应AI新经济下的新型工作场景做好准备。 数字化转型网www.szhzxw.cn
职业培训机构需要尽快重设课程，增加AI时代可持续就业的培训科目: 政府可以为这些培训提供奖励和补贴;企业可以参考类似于亚马逊职业选择计划的方案，设立专项经费，资助员工参加职业再造培训项目，帮助员工报考飞机维修技师、电脑辅助设计师、医疗护理师等职业资格许可证。
值得关注的是，随着财富的增长和寿命的延长，以人为中心的服务性工作将成为社会的刚性需求，其重要性与需求量都会水涨船高，例如世界卫生组织预测，要实现联合国“人人享有良好的健康和福祉”这一可持续发展目标，全球医护人员的需求缺口将高达1800万人。过去，这类关怀型职业在社会上一直不被重视，薪酬也普遍偏低，但以后，这些“以人为本”的职业将成为AI新经济运行的基石，值得更多的人考虑通过二次学习来投入其中。 数字化转型网www.szhzxw.cn
为了进一步缓解人力资源供需失衡，我们甚至可以考虑把目前“志愿者服务”类型的工作调整为全职薪酬型工作，诸如献血中心服务人员、寄养服务提供者、夏令营老师、心理咨询师等，也包括一些为了照顾家中老人不得不离开职场的成年人。
另外，可以预见的是，自动化时代一旦到来，社会将需要大批志愿者为失业人员提供热线咨询，帮助他们解决在职场转型过程中遇到的疑虑和困难，排解心理压力，最大限度地避免由于失业所导致的社会问题的发生。这些志愿者也应当获得合理的报酬和社会的认可。
2. Recalibrate 二次定义
除了重新学习职业技能，我们还需要结合各类AI工具，重新调整工作岗位的“人机协作”模式。因此，对于不少职业的工作方式乃至工作内容，我们需要重新进行定义。
信息化革命在短短几十年内彻底改变了人们的工作方式，使用电脑上的各种软件是当今普遍的人机协作模式。在AI时代，各行各业将朝着更加智能化的方向“进化”:AI可以测算出不同条件下的沙盘推演结果，可以通过对海量数据进行计算，量化显示工作任务的最优解可以协助不同行业优化工作流程，完成日常的重复性事务。 数字化转型网www.szhzxw.cn
我认为，很难出现单一通用型的AI工具，我们必须针对各个行业提供特定的解决问题的应用程序，如此，举凡药物分子研发、营销广告策划、新闻信息核实等任务，都能通过高度定制化的AI工具来实现。
当我们对一些职业进行二次定义，充分把“以人为本”的人性特质和AI善于优化的技术优势深度结合起来之后，许多工作将被重塑，不少新兴岗位也将被创造出来。
在AI时代的人机协作中，AI和人类合理分工、各展所长，AI可以既智能又高效地承担起各种重复性任务，由此，人类从业者得以把更多的时间花在需要温情、创意、策略的人文层面的工作上，从而产生1+1>2的合作效应。 数字化转型网www.szhzxw.cn
举例来说，人们生病了，最信任的仍然是人类医生，由于医生可以使用专业的AI医疗诊断工具，快速准确地为患者定下最佳治疗方案，所以能腾出充裕的时间和患者深入探讨病情抚慰他们的心灵，医生的职业角色也将因此被二次定义为“关爱型医生”。
正如移动互联网催生了滴滴司机、美团小哥等职业，AI的崛起也创造了很多全新的职业，目前已经有AI工程师、数据科学家、数据标注员、机器人维修员等。我们应该时刻关注AI新经济进程中涌现出的新兴职业，确保及时掌握就业情况，关注相关的职业技能培训。
3. Renaissance 二次复兴
有了得当的培训和称心的工具，我们可以期待又一次“文艺复兴”的到来-一由AI催生的人类释放激情、创造力进发、人性升华的新高峰。 数字化转型网www.szhzxw.cn
中国历史上有脍炙人口的唐诗、宋词、元曲，欧洲文艺复兴则诞生了辉煌的文学、音乐建筑、雕塑，这些作品在数百年后仍被人赞颂。那么，AI新经济将会激荡出怎样的人文复兴？
AI视觉工具将成为绘画、雕塑及摄影艺术家们的得力助手，可以按照他们的指示创作、完善作品。AI文字工具可以辅助小说家、诗人、记者，为写作注入新的灵感。AI可以帮助教师批改作业和试卷，让教师把时间和精力节约出来，去设计崭新的课程课件，以此激发学生的好奇心、创造力，培养学生的批判性思维；可以帮助教师在课堂上传递标准化知识 (信息)，让教师把更多的时间花在与学生进行个性化互动上，这样，他们才能成为AI时代的教育家。 数字化转型网www.szhzxw.cn
数字化转型网人工智能专题
与全球关注人工智能的顶尖精英一起学习！数字化转型网建立了一个专门讨论人工智能技术、产业、学术的研究学习社区，与各位研习社同学一起成长！欢迎扫码加入！ 数字化转型网www.szhzxw.cn
人工智能专题栏目文章（四）：人工智能的三大短板、应对人工智能威胁的3R法则。翻译：
The three shortcomings of artificial intelligence and the 3R law to deal with the threat of artificial intelligence
1. The three shortcomings of artificial intelligence
Kaifu Lee, founder of Innovation Works, said that there are three major shortcomings of AI, and even by 2042, AI may still not be able to fully grasp these capabilities, including:
First, the shortcomings of artificial intelligence: creativity. AI does not have the ability to create, conceive, and plan strategically. It is unable to choose its goals, to conceive across disciplines, to think creatively, and to have common sense that is self-evident to humans.
Second, the shortcomings of artificial intelligence: empathy. AI does not have the feeling of “empathy” such as “sympathy” and “care”, and cannot achieve real interaction with humans in terms of emotion, and cannot bring care to others. 数字化转型网www.szhzxw.cn
Third, the shortcomings of artificial intelligence: dexterity. AI and robotics cannot perform some precise and complex physical tasks, such as dexterous hand-eye coordination. In addition, AI also struggles to cope well with unknown or unstructured Spaces.
2. Three R’s for dealing with AI threats
In February 2023, Kaifu Lee, founder of Innovation Works, published a “debate on ChatGPT” on Weibo. He first listed 20 jobs that AI could easily replace, then analyzed the three major shortcomings of AI, and finally gave three survival strategies for the post-ChatGPT era, namely, Relearn; Recalibrate quadratic definition; The second Renaissance.
Kai-fu Lee said: “In the book AI Future Progress, I give three survival strategies through stories and explanations, which are referred to as the three R’s in English: Relearn second learning, Recalibrate second definition, Renaissance second Renaissance.”
（1）Relearn
Raise the alarm now, wake up people on the edge of the unemployment cliff, and encourage them to take initiative and relearn. 数字化转型网www.szhzxw.cn
The good news is that there are a lot of human jobs that AI is not capable of doing, especially those that require creativity, complex craftsmanship, social skills, and rely on humans to operate AI tools. We advocate that people actively engage in secondary learning to acquire (new) skills for such jobs and prepare for new work scenarios in the new AI economy.
Vocational training institutions need to quickly redesign their curricula to include training subjects for sustainable employment in the AI era: governments can provide incentives and subsidies for such training; Companies can use programs similar to Amazon’s Career Choice program to set up special funds to fund employees to participate in career reengineering training programs, and help employees apply for professional licenses such as aircraft maintenance technicians, computer-aided designers, and medical care professionals. 数字化转型网www.szhzxw.cn
It is worth noting that with the growth of wealth and longevity, people-centered service work will become a rigid demand of society, its importance and demand will rise, for example, the World Health Organization predicts that to achieve the United Nations “good health and well-being for all” the sustainable development goal, the global demand for health care workers will be up to 18 million people. In the past, this kind of caring occupation has not been valued in the society, and the salary is generally low, but in the future, these “people-oriented” occupations will become the cornerstone of the operation of the new AI economy, and it is worth more people to consider investing in them through secondary learning. 数字化转型网www.szhzxw.cn
In order to further reduce the imbalance between supply and demand for human resources, we can even consider adjusting the current “volunteer service” type of work to full-time salary jobs, such as blood donation center service personnel, foster care providers, summer camp teachers, psychological counselors, etc., including some adults who have to leave the workforce to care for elderly family members. 数字化转型网www.szhzxw.cn
In addition, it is foreseeable that once the era of automation arrives, the society will need a large number of volunteers to provide hotline counseling for unemployed people, help them solve the doubts and difficulties encountered in the process of workplace transformation, relieve psychological pressure, and avoid the occurrence of social problems caused by unemployment to the maximum extent. These volunteers should also receive reasonable pay and social recognition.
（2）Recalibrate quadratic definition
In addition to re-learning vocational skills, we also need to combine various AI tools to re-adjust the “human-machine collaboration” mode of work. As a result, we need to redefine how many professions work, and even what they do.
The information revolution has completely changed the way people work in just a few decades, and the use of various software on the computer is now a common man-machine collaboration mode. In the era of AI, all walks of life will “evolve” in a more intelligent direction :AI can calculate the sand table inference results under different conditions, can calculate the mass data, and quantify the optimal solution of the work task can help different industries optimize the work flow and complete the daily repetitive affairs.
I believe that it is difficult to emerge a single general-purpose AI tool, we must provide specific problem-solving applications for each industry, so that tasks such as drug molecular research and development, marketing advertising planning, news information verification, etc., can be achieved by highly customized AI tools. 数字化转型网www.szhzxw.cn
When we have a second definition of some occupations, fully combining the “people-oriented” human characteristics and the technical advantages of AI that is good at optimization, many jobs will be reshaped, and many new positions will be created.
In human-machine collaboration in the era of AI, AI and human beings have a reasonable division of labor and develop their strengths, and AI can both intelligently and efficiently undertake a variety of repetitive tasks. Therefore, human practitioners can spend more time on humanistic work that requires warmth, creativity and strategy, resulting in a cooperation effect of 1+1>2.
For example, when people are sick, the most trusted doctor is still a human doctor, because doctors can use professional AI medical diagnostic tools to quickly and accurately set the best treatment plan for patients, so they can spare plenty of time and patients to deeply discuss the condition to soothe their hearts, and the professional role of doctors will be defined as “caring doctors” for the second time.
Just as the mobile Internet has given birth to the occupations of Didi drivers and Meituan brothers, the rise of AI has also created many new occupations, and there are already AI engineers, data scientists, data taggers, robot repairmen and so on. We should always pay attention to the emerging professions emerging in the process of AI’s new economy, ensure timely grasp of employment conditions, and pay attention to relevant vocational skills training.
（3）Eg. The second Renaissance
With the right training and the right tools, we can expect another “Renaissance” – a new peak of human passion, creativity, and humanity enabled by AI. 数字化转型网www.szhzxw.cn
In Chinese history, there are famous Tang poems, Song poems and Yuan songs, while the European Renaissance gave birth to brilliant literature, musical architecture and sculpture, which are still celebrated hundreds of years later. So, what kind of humanistic Renaissance will the new AI economy inspire?
AI visual tools will be the right hand of painting, sculpture and photography artists to create and improve their work according to their instructions. AI text tools can assist novelists, poets, and journalists to inject new inspiration into their writing. AI can help teachers grade homework and test papers, so that teachers can save time and energy to design new courseware, so as to stimulate students’ curiosity and creativity, and cultivate students’ critical thinking. It can help teachers deliver standardized knowledge (information) in the classroom, allowing teachers to spend more time on personalized interactions with students, so that they can become educators in the AI era.
本文由数字化转型网（www.szhzxw.cn）转载而成，来源于MBA智库；编辑/翻译：数字化转型网宁檬树。
